Chrysi Avyi - Revision history

Irlandos: /* Violence by and against Golden Dawn */

2013-09-28T07:25:44Z

Violence by and against Golden Dawn

Irlandos at 12:21, May 15, 2012

2012-05-15T12:21:53Z

Irlandos at 12:18, May 15, 2012

2012-05-15T12:18:01Z

Irlandos at 12:04, May 15, 2012

2012-05-15T12:04:34Z

Irlandos at 11:56, May 15, 2012

2012-05-15T11:56:48Z

Irlandos at 08:51, May 15, 2012

2012-05-15T08:51:44Z

Irlandos: /* Allegations of Nazism */

2012-05-15T08:47:56Z

Allegations of Nazism

Irlandos: /* Allegations of connections to the Greek Police */

2012-05-15T08:44:18Z

Allegations of connections to the Greek Police

Irlandos: /* Allegations of connections to the Greek Police */

2012-05-15T08:41:41Z

Allegations of connections to the Greek Police

Irlandos: /* Political representation */

2012-05-15T08:38:38Z

Political representation

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:25, September 28, 2013
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	In November 2005, Golden Dawn's offices were attacked by a group of Anarchists with molotov cocktails and stones. There were gunshots, and two people (who testified that they were just passing by) were injured.<ref name="Ingr20.11"/> According to Golden Dawn, three suspects were arrested and set free.<ref name="XApress"/> During the subsequent police investigation, molotov cocktails left overs were discovered in Golden Dawn's offices.<ref name="Ingr20.11"/> Golden Dawn has stated that this was the reason for the organisation's disbandment.<ref name="Ingr"/><ref name="ENF_disbandment">[http://www.europeannationalfront.org/?p=21#more-21 Golden Dawn stops their activities], European National Front website</ref>		In November 2005, Golden Dawn's offices were attacked by a group of Anarchists with molotov cocktails and stones. There were gunshots, and two people (who testified that they were just passing by) were injured.<ref name="Ingr20.11"/> According to Golden Dawn, three suspects were arrested and set free.<ref name="XApress"/> During the subsequent police investigation, molotov cocktails left overs were discovered in Golden Dawn's offices.<ref name="Ingr20.11"/> Golden Dawn has stated that this was the reason for the organisation's disbandment.<ref name="Ingr"/><ref name="ENF_disbandment">[http://www.europeannationalfront.org/?p=21#more-21 Golden Dawn stops their activities], European National Front website</ref>
		+
		+	In September 2013, a fight between Golden Dawn members and a group of leftists resulted in the stabbing and killing of Pavlos Fyssas - a rap artist. As the alleged murderer had been in contact with several Golden Dawn members prior to the fight, the Greek Ministry of Justice searched Golden Dawn offices and went so far as to have chairman [[Nikos Michaloliakos]] and his chief spokesman, [[Elias Kasidiaris]] arrested on charges of "forming a criminal organisation".

	===Football hooliganism===		===Football hooliganism===

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 * http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154 Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy) Ethnos 31 March 2012
 * http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237 Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election The Sun Daily 4 April 2012
-* http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse The New York Times 6 May 2012 </ref> and [[fascist]]<ref>
+* http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse The New York Times 6 May 2012 </ref> and fascist<ref>
 * url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil Helena Smith: Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil, The Guardian, 16 December 2011
 * Vasiliki Kravva: The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece, The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas Routledge 2003 page=169</ref> although the group rejects these labels.<ref name="no_nazis">http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-greece-election-farright-idUSBRE8450D820120506| Greek far-right leader savors electoral success, Reuters, May 6, 2012, "... the group - which denies it is neo-Nazi - one of the biggest winners in an election..."</ref>

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 ===Football hooliganism===
-On October 6, 1999, during a football match between the Greek and Albanian national teams in Athens, Albanian supporters burnt a Greek flag in the stadium's stand. This act was captured and broadcast extensively by the Greek media that day and for many days after. That led to a series of angry reactions by Greek nationalists against foreign immigrants. In a specific case, on the night of October 22, Pantelis Kazakos, a nationalist and a member of the Golden Dawn<ref name="rizospasths_dikh_kazakou_xrysh_aygh">http://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=667315&publDate=16/2/2001 Το παραμύθι του «τρελού» και ο «Χρυσαυγίτης» 2001-02-16 Ριζοσπάστης}}</ref><ref name="kathimerini_kazakos_kathighths_symmathhtes_melos_xryshs_ayghs">http://wwk.kathimerini.gr/kath/edition/1999/23-10-1999.pdf Σφαίρες στη συνείδηση της κοινωνίας 2012-04-13, Δώρα Αντωνίου, Απόστολος Λακάσας, Νίκος Μπαρδούνιας, Σπύρος Καραλής, Θανάσης Τσιγγάνας </ref><ref name="iospress_dhmografiko_aparxaint_2000">http://www.iospress.gr/ios2000/ios20000102a.htm Το δημογραφικό Απαρτχάιντ του 2000 Ιός - Ελευθεροτυπία</ref>, feeling as he stated: "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag", shot nine people in the center of Athens. The result of his attack was two people killed, and seven others wounded, of whom four remained paralysed for the rest of their lives. All were immigrants. Other Golden Dawn members, feeling also "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag", formed the hooligan firm ''Galazia Stratia'' (Greek for "Blue Army") the same month (October 2000). It has described itself as a "fan club of the Greek national teams" and its goal as "to defend Greek national pride inside the stadiums." It has been reported that following Golden Dawn's official disbandment in 2005, many former party members have put most of their energy into promoting ''Galazia Stratia''.<ref name="Mundohooligans">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,id=95908980 Μουντο-ρατσισμός] Eleftherotypia 10/9/2006 (in Greek)</ref> ''Galazia Stratia'' is closely linked to Golden Dawn, and the two groups shared the same street address.<ref name="NaziHooligan">[http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20011201.htm Nazis dressed up as fans], ''Eleftherotypia 1/12/2001''</ref> Golden Dawn made no attempt to deny the connections, openly praising the actions of ''Galazia Stratia'' in its newspaper, and accepting praise in return from the firm.<ref name="GSthanksHA">[http://www.meandros.net/galazia-stratia/pages/syndesmos.htm Galazia Stratia thanking Chrysi Avgi for the support]. Meandros.net. Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref>
+On [[October 6]], [[1999]], during a football match between the Greek and Albanian national teams in [[Athens]], Albanian supporters burnt a Greek flag in the stadium's stand. This act was captured and broadcast extensively by the Greek media that day and for many days after. That led to a series of angry reactions by Greek nationalists against foreign immigrants. In a specific case, on the night of [[October 22]], Pantelis Kazakos, a nationalist and a member of the Golden Dawn<ref name="rizospasths_dikh_kazakou_xrysh_aygh">http://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=667315&publDate=16/2/2001 Το παραμύθι του «τρελού» και ο «Χρυσαυγίτης» 2001-02-16 Ριζοσπάστης}}</ref><ref name="kathimerini_kazakos_kathighths_symmathhtes_melos_xryshs_ayghs">http://wwk.kathimerini.gr/kath/edition/1999/23-10-1999.pdf Σφαίρες στη συνείδηση της κοινωνίας 2012-04-13, Δώρα Αντωνίου, Απόστολος Λακάσας, Νίκος Μπαρδούνιας, Σπύρος Καραλής, Θανάσης Τσιγγάνας </ref><ref name="iospress_dhmografiko_aparxaint_2000">http://www.iospress.gr/ios2000/ios20000102a.htm Το δημογραφικό Απαρτχάιντ του 2000 Ιός - Ελευθεροτυπία</ref>, feeling as he stated: "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag", shot nine people in the center of Athens. The result of his attack was two people killed, and seven others wounded, of whom four remained paralysed for the rest of their lives. All were immigrants. Other Golden Dawn members, feeling also "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag", formed the hooligan firm ''Galazia Stratia'' (Greek for "Blue Army") the same month (October 2000). It has described itself as a "fan club of the Greek national teams" and its goal as "to defend Greek national pride inside the stadiums." It has been reported that following Golden Dawn's official disbandment in 2005, many former party members have put most of their energy into promoting ''Galazia Stratia''.<ref name="Mundohooligans">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,id=95908980 Μουντο-ρατσισμός] Eleftherotypia 10/9/2006 (in Greek)</ref> ''Galazia Stratia'' is closely linked to Golden Dawn, and the two groups shared the same street address.<ref name="NaziHooligan">[http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20011201.htm Nazis dressed up as fans], ''Eleftherotypia 1/12/2001''</ref> Golden Dawn made no attempt to deny the connections, openly praising the actions of ''Galazia Stratia'' in its newspaper, and accepting praise in return from the firm.<ref name="GSthanksHA">[http://www.meandros.net/galazia-stratia/pages/syndesmos.htm Galazia Stratia thanking Chrysi Avgi for the support]. Meandros.net. Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref>
 ''Galazia Stratia'' and Golden Dawn have been accused of various acts of sports-related violence.<ref name="NaziHooligan"/>  In September 2004, after a football match between Greece and Albania in Tirana (in which Greece lost 2–1), Albanian immigrants living in Greece went out on the streets of Athens and other cities celebrating their victory, Greek hooligans felt provoked by this  and violence erupted against Albanian immigrants in various parts of Greece, resulting in one murdered Albanian in Zakynthos and many other Albanians injured. Golden Dawn and ''Galazia Stratia'' were proven to be directly responsible for many of the attacks. According to ''Eleftherotypia'', ''Galazia Stratia'' members severely beat a Palestinian and a Bangladeshi during celebrations following the success of the [[National Basketball Team|Greek national basketball team]] at the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]].<ref name="Mundohooligans"/>
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 ===Imia 2008===
-On February 2, 2008, Golden Dawn planned to hold the annual march for the twelfth anniversary of the Imia military crisis. Anti-fascist groups organised a protest in order to cancel the march, as a response to racist attacks supposedly caused by Golden Dawn members. Golden Dawn members occupied the square in which the march was to take place, and when anti-fascists showed up, clashes occurred. During the riots that followed, Golden Dawn members were seen attacking the anti-fascists with riot police doing nothing to stop them and actually letting them pass through their lines. This led to two people being wounded by knife and another two wounded by rocks. There were allegations that Chrysi Avgi members even carried police equipment with them and that Golden Dawn's equipment was carried inside a police van.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=823380 Athens Indymedia] 2008/02/03</ref><ref>[http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,id=72703688,94637512,80585800,7746952,15637256,90684776 ΔΕΣΜΟΙ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ] Eleftherotypia  2008/02/04 (In Greek)</ref>
+On [[February 2]], [[2008]], Golden Dawn planned to hold the annual march for the twelfth anniversary of the Imia military crisis. Anti-fascist groups organised a protest in order to cancel the march, as a response to racist attacks supposedly caused by Golden Dawn members. Golden Dawn members occupied the square in which the march was to take place, and when anti-fascists showed up, clashes occurred. During the riots that followed, Golden Dawn members were seen attacking the anti-fascists with riot police doing nothing to stop them and actually letting them pass through their lines. This led to two people being wounded by knife and another two wounded by rocks. There were allegations that Chrysi Avgi members even carried police equipment with them and that Golden Dawn's equipment was carried inside a police van.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=823380 Athens Indymedia] 2008/02/03</ref><ref>[http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,id=72703688,94637512,80585800,7746952,15637256,90684776 ΔΕΣΜΟΙ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ] Eleftherotypia  2008/02/04 (In Greek)</ref>
 ===Athens office bombing===
-On March 19, 2010, a bomb described by the police as of "moderate power," was detonated in the fifth floor office of Golden Dawn, in downtown Athens.  Twenty-five minutes prior to the blast, an unidentified caller contacted a local newspaper in order to announce the attack, thus leading to the evacuation of the targeted building and the surrounding area.  The explosion caused substantial damage to property, but did not inflict casualties. The office was reopened on April 10, 2010.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=nw20100319092955696C888964 Neo-Nazi offices in Greece bombed] IOL, March 19th, 2010, retrieved March 27, 2010</ref>
+On [[March 19]], [[2010]], a bomb described by the police as of "moderate power," was detonated in the fifth floor office of Golden Dawn, in downtown [[Athens]].  Twenty-five minutes prior to the blast, an unidentified caller contacted a local newspaper in order to announce the attack, thus leading to the evacuation of the targeted building and the surrounding area.  The explosion caused substantial damage to property, but did not inflict casualties. The office was reopened on April 10, 2010.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=nw20100319092955696C888964 Neo-Nazi offices in Greece bombed] IOL, March 19th, 2010, retrieved March 27, 2010</ref>
 ==Allegations of connections to the Greek Police==
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 Golden Dawn stated that rumours about the organisation having connections to the Greek police and the government are untrue, and that the police had intervened in Golden Dawn's rallies and had arrested members of the Party several times while the [[New Democracy]] party was in power (for example, during a rally in Thessaloniki in June [[2006]], and at a rally for the anniversary of the Greek genocide, in [[Athens]], also in [[2006]]).<ref name="XApress"/> Also, on [[January 2]], [[2005]], anti-fascist and leftist groups invaded Golden Dawn's headquarters in [[Thessaloniki]], under heavy police surveillance. Although riot police units were near the entrance of the building alongside the intruders, they allegedly did not attempt to stop their actions.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=314801 Indymedia Athens]. Athens.indymedia.org (2005-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/1814/index.php Bulgarian Indymedia]</ref>
-In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relations (and/or collaborating) with the Greek Central Intelligence Agency (KYP), and also accused the party's general-secretary [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]] of working for the KYP from the 80s. The evidence for this is an allegedly fake<ref name="protodikeio_athinwn_plastografia">{{cite news | url=http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%80-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83/ Nikos Michaloliakos: fake document of KYP, Court of first instance, of Athens 52803/04</ref> public document - a payslip - showing the names of both Michaloliakos and far right author and intellectual [[Konstantinos Plevris]] as operating for the agency.<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2000/mikro20000415.htm</ref>
+In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relations (and/or collaborating) with the Greek Central Intelligence Agency (KYP), and also accused the party's general-secretary [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]] of working for the KYP from the 80s. The evidence for this is an allegedly fake<ref name="protodikeio_athinwn_plastografia">http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%80-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83/ Nikos Michaloliakos: fake document of KYP, Court of first instance, of Athens 52803/04</ref> public document - a payslip - showing the names of both Michaloliakos and far right author and intellectual [[Konstantinos Plevris]] as operating for the agency.<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2000/mikro20000415.htm</ref>
 ==Allegations of Nazism==
 The party is regularly described as Neo-Nazi by the international news media,<ref>http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-19/world/greece.explosion.neo.nazi_1_neo-nazi-greek-police-explosion?_s=PM:WORLD   Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office, CNN 19 March 2010
-*=Dina Porat, Roni Stauber "Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1", University of Nebraska Press, 2002 page=123
+* Dina Porat, Roni Stauber "Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1", University of Nebraska Press, 2002 page=123
 * Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 May 2012|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html}}
-*{{Citation |Helena |last=Smith |title=Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 December 2011 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil}}</ref> and members may be responsible for anti-semitic graffiti.<ref>{{cite book | coauthors =Aili Piano, Arch Puddington | title =Freedom in the World 2006: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield| series =Freedom in the World | date =2006 | pages =284 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=WEasPPTkJLkC&lpg=PA284&dq=greece%20politics%20golden%20dawn&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn =0742558037, 9780742558038 }}</ref>
+* url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil Helena Smith: Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil, The Guardian, 16 December 2011 </ref> and members may be responsible for anti-semitic graffiti.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=WEasPPTkJLkC&lpg=PA284&dq=greece%20politics%20golden%20dawn&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn =0742558037, 9780742558038 Aili Piano, Arch Puddington: Freedom in the World 2006: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, pages =284  </ref>
-Officially denying that it has any connection to Neo-Nazism, the party maintains that it cleaves closer to the conservative authoritarianism of [[Ioannis Metaxas]].<ref name="selfdesc">
+Officially denying that it has any connection to Neo-Nazism, the party maintains that it cleaves closer to the conservative authoritarianism of [[Ioannis Metaxas]].<ref name="selfdesc">http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Greece+Secretive+right+party+taps+into+Greeks+anger+fear/6519781/story.html "Set up in 1992 and relaunched in 2007, the party admires Greek dictator [[Ioannis Metaxas]], who refused to surrender to the Axis powers in [[1940]]. It calls itself nationalist and insists its logo is the ancient Greek Meander symbolizing bravery and endless struggle"
-*Greece: Secretive far-right party taps into Greeks’ anger, fear AFP, Renee Maltezou, 25 April 2012 |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Greece+Secretive+right+party+taps+into+Greeks+anger+fear/6519781/story.html|quote=Set up in 1992 and relaunched in 2007, the party admires Greek dictator [[Ioannis Metaxas]], who refused to surrender to the Axis powers in [[1940]]. It calls itself nationalist and insists its logo is the ancient Greek Meander symbolizing bravery and endless struggle.}}
+*Greece: Secretive far-right party taps into Greeks’ anger, fear AFP, Renee Maltezou, 25 April 2012 ,
-*{{Citation |title=A guide to Greece's political parties
+*http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/20125120322955327.html A guide to Greece's political parties, Al Jazeera, 1 May 2012,   video appears to show party leader [[Nikos Michaloliakos]] giving a Nazi salute in the [[Athens]] city council. He claims, however, that it was merely "the salute of the national youth organisation of [Greek dictator] Ioannis Metaxas", reports the Athens News.
- |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=1 May 2012 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/20125120322955327.html|quote= video appears to show party leader [[Nikos Michaloliakos]] giving a Nazi salute in the [[Athens]] city council. He claims, however, that it was merely "the salute of the national youth organisation of [Greek dictator] Ioannis Metaxas", reports the Athens News.}}
+*http://www.tovima.gr/politics/article/?aid=452491 Οι φύρερ της διπλανής πόρτας "Step", 4 August 2012, Nikos Chasapopoulos, «Ο φασισμός είναι δαιμονολογία. Φασισμός στην Ιταλία σήμαινε ότι πίσω απ' αυτόν βρίσκεται το κράτος. Εμείς εδώ στην Ελλάδα πιστεύουμε στο Εθνος, στο εθνικό κράτος. Αλλωστε δεν χαιρετούσαν και Ελληνες του Μεταξά έτσι; Δεν χαιρετούσε έτσι και ο σερ Οσβαλντ Μόσλεϊ, ηγέτης της Βρετανικής Ενωσης Φασιστών, που όμως πολέμησε τους Γερμανούς;» </ref> Its so-called Nazi salute is, according to the founder of the group, "the salute of the [[National Youth Organisation]] of [[Ioannis Metaxas]]".<ref name=alj>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/20125120322955327.html A guide to Greece's political parties, Al Jazeera 1 May 2012 </ref> Its logo is likewise not a Nazi symbol but a traditional [[meander (art)|Greek meander]] instead.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17898561 Lowen, Mark: Greece's far right hopes for new dawn, BBC, 30 April 2012,  </ref>
 ==Footnotes==

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 * http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237 Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election The Sun Daily 4 April 2012
 * http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse The New York Times 6 May 2012 </ref> and [[fascist]]<ref>
-* {{Citation |Helena |last=Smith |title=Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 December 2011 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil}}
+* url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil Helena Smith: Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil, The Guardian, 16 December 2011
-* {{Citation |first=Vasiliki |last=Kravva |title=The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece |work=The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |page=169}}</ref> although the group rejects these labels.<ref name="no_nazis">{{citation| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-greece-election-farright-idUSBRE8450D820120506| title=Greek far-right leader savors electoral success| publisher=Reuters |date= May 6, 2012 |quote=... the group - which denies it is neo-Nazi - one of the biggest winners in an election...}}</ref>
+* Vasiliki Kravva: The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece, The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas Routledge 2003 page=169</ref> although the group rejects these labels.<ref name="no_nazis">http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-greece-election-farright-idUSBRE8450D820120506| Greek far-right leader savors electoral success, Reuters, May 6, 2012, "... the group - which denies it is neo-Nazi - one of the biggest winners in an election..."</ref>
 Golden Dawn describes itself as a "People's Nationalist Movement" and "uncompromising Nationalists."<ref name="MichaloliakosInterview">2006 interview of Michaloliakos published in ''Elevtheros Kosmos'' newspaper.</ref> Michaloliakos described Golden Dawn as opposing the "so-called Enlightenment" and the Industrial Revolution.<ref name="MichaloliakosInterview"/><ref name="IosHist"/> Religiously, they currently support both Hellenism and the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref>''[http://www.hellenicreligion.gr/doc/anakoinosi23.htm Απάντηση στο άρθρο διαμαρτυρίας της Χρυσής Αυγής]'', 30th April 2012. Arguments of the Pagan group "Hellenic Church" about the Golden Dawn's positions over nationalism.</ref> The charter also puts the leader in total control of the party, and formalizes the use of the Roman salute for party members.<ref name="IosHist"/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Golden Dawn''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Χρυσή Αυγή}}, '''Chrysi Avgi''', is a far-right [[Greece|Greek]] political organization led by [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]. It expresses anti-immigration views and its members are often accused of violent attacks on immigrants. It expresses sympathy with the regime of [[Ioannis Metaxas]].<ref name="selfdesc"/> Scholars and media describe it as neo-Nazi<ref name="extremismreport">
+'''Golden Dawn''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Χρυσή Αυγή, '''Chrysi Avgi'''), is a far-right [[Greece|Greek]] political organisation led by [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]. It expresses anti-immigration views and its members are often accused of violent attacks on immigrants. It expresses sympathy with the regime of [[Ioannis Metaxas]].<ref name="selfdesc"/> Scholars and media describe it as neo-Nazi<ref name="extremismreport">
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9 |year=2011 |first1=Lazaros |last1=Miliopoulos |title=Extremismus in Griechenland |journal=Extremismus in den EU-Staaten |page=154}}
+*Lazaros Miliopoulos: Extremismus in Griechenland; Extremismus in den EU-Staaten page=154 doi=10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9 2011
 *Peter Chalk: Non-Military Security in the Wider Middle East Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, volume=26, issue=3, 2003, pages=197–214  doi=10.1080/10576100390211428 "Reflecting these perceptions has been a growing sub-culture of support for neo-Nazi hate groups such as Troiseme Voie in France, Golden Dawn in Greece, Combat 18 (C18) in the United Kingdom..."
 *Moses Altsech: Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society, Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism, August 2004, page=12 "On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avgi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization of that name, cited another survey indicating that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent."
-*{{Citation |first1=Dina |last1=Porat |first2=Roni |last2=Stauber |title=Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2002 |page=123 |quote=The neo-Nazi ''Chrisi Avgi'' (Golden Daybreak) was the only far right group active in 2000. It was responsible for at least one antisemitic act and for attacks against left-wing targets.}}</ref><ref>
+*Dina Porat, Roni Stauber: Antisemitism Worldwide University of Nebraska Press |year=2002 |page=123 "The neo-Nazi ''Chrisi Avgi'' (Golden Daybreak) was the only far right group active in 2000. It was responsible for at least one antisemitic act and for attacks against left-wing targets."</ref><ref>
-* {{Citation |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-19/world/greece.explosion.neo.nazi_1_neo-nazi-greek-police-explosion?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office |publisher=CNN |date=19 March 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2012}}
+* http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-19/world/greece.explosion.neo.nazi_1_neo-nazi-greek-police-explosion?_s=PM:WORLD Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office CNN 19 March 2010
-* {{Citation |title=Greek minister warns of neo-Nazi political threat |work=B92 |date=31 March 2012 |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=31&nav_id=79547}}
+* http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=31&nav_id=79547 Greek minister warns of neo-Nazi political threat
-* {{Citation |title=Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy) |newspaper=Ethnos |date=31 March 2012 |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154}}
+* http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154 Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy) Ethnos 31 March 2012
-* {{Citation |title=Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election |newspaper=The Sun Daily |date=4 April 2012 |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237}}
+* http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237 Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election The Sun Daily 4 April 2012
-* {{Citation |title=Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 May 2012|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html}}</ref> and [[fascist]]<ref>
+* http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse The New York Times 6 May 2012 </ref> and [[fascist]]<ref>
 * {{Citation |Helena |last=Smith |title=Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 December 2011 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil}}
 * {{Citation |first=Vasiliki |last=Kravva |title=The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece |work=The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |page=169}}</ref> although the group rejects these labels.<ref name="no_nazis">{{citation| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-greece-election-farright-idUSBRE8450D820120506| title=Greek far-right leader savors electoral success| publisher=Reuters |date= May 6, 2012 |quote=... the group - which denies it is neo-Nazi - one of the biggest winners in an election...}}</ref>

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ==Allegations of connections to the Greek Police==
-In a 1998 interview with the  newspaper ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'', Georgios Romaios (the then [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) [[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Minister for Public Order]]) alleged the existence of "fascist elements in the [[Greek police]]", and vowed to suppress them.<ref name="Romaios">[http://www.hri.org/news/grpapers/typos/1998/98-06-29.typos.html Athens News Agency: Press Review in Greek, 98-06-29]. Hri.org (1998-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref> In a TV interview that same year, Romaios again claimed that there was a pro-fascist group within the police force although he said it was not organized, and was only involved in isolated incidents.<ref name="Ios98_3">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia's article] part 3 (in Greek)</ref> The same year, Eleftherotypia published a lengthy article called "The lower limbs of the police", which outlined connections between the police and [[neo-fascism]].<ref name="Ios98_1">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia article] part 1 (in Greek)</ref> Dimitris Reppas, the PASOK [[Minister for the Press and the Media (Greece)|government spokesman]], strongly denied such connections. However, the article quoted a speech by PASOK [[Hellenic Parliament|Member of Parliament]] Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos about a riot caused by right wing extremists, in which he said:
+In a [[1998]] interview with the  newspaper ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'', Georgios Romaios (the then [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) [[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Minister for Public Order]]) alleged the existence of "fascist elements in the [[Greek police]]", and vowed to suppress them.<ref name="Romaios">[http://www.hri.org/news/grpapers/typos/1998/98-06-29.typos.html Athens News Agency: Press Review in Greek, 98-06-29]. Hri.org (1998-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref> In a TV interview that same year, Romaios again claimed that there was a pro-fascist group within the police force although he said it was not organized, and was only involved in isolated incidents.<ref name="Ios98_3">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia's article] part 3 (in Greek)</ref> The same year, Eleftherotypia published a lengthy article called "The lower limbs of the police", which outlined connections between the police and neo-fascism.<ref name="Ios98_1">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia article] part 1 (in Greek)</ref> [[Dimitris Reppas]], the [[PASOK]] [[Minister for the Press and the Media (Greece)|government spokesman]], strongly denied such connections. However, the article quoted a speech by [[PASOK]] [[Hellenic Parliament|Member of Parliament]] Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos about a riot caused by right wing extremists, in which he said:
 <blockquote>
 "In [[Thessaloniki]] it is widely discussed that far-right organisations are active in the security forces. Members of such organisations were the planners and chief executioners of the riot and nobody was arrested. A Special Forces officer, speaking at a briefing of Special Forces policemen that were to be on duty that day, told the policemen not to arrest anyone because the rioters were not enemies and threatened that should this be overlooked there would be penalties."<ref name="Ios98_3"/></blockquote>
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 The newspaper published a photograph of a typewritten paragraph with no identifiable insignia as evidence of the secret investigation.<ref name="TaNeaGif">[http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/data/D2004/D0417/1el23c.gif Image from the article] of [[Ta Nea]]</ref> In the article, the Minister for Public Order, [[Michalis Chrysochoidis]], responded that he did not recollect such a probe. Chrysochoidis also denied accusations that far right connections within the police force delayed the arrest of Periandros. He said that leftist groups, including the ultra-left anti-state resistance group [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November|17 November]], responsible for several murders, had similarly evaded the police for decades. In both cases, he attributed the failures to "stupidity and incompetence" on behalf of the force.<ref name="TaNea"/>
-Golden Dawn stated that rumours about the organisation having connections to the Greek police and the government are untrue, and that the police had intervened in Golden Dawn's rallies and had arrested members of the Party several times while the [[New Democracy]] party was in power (for example, during a rally in Thessaloniki in June 2006, and at a rally for the anniversary of the [[Greek genocide]], in Athens, also in 2006).<ref name="XApress"/> Also, on January 2, 2005, anti-fascist and leftist groups invaded Golden Dawn's headquarters in [[Thessaloniki]], under heavy police surveillance. Although riot police units were near the entrance of the building alongside the intruders, they allegedly did not attempt to stop their actions.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=314801 Indymedia Athens]. Athens.indymedia.org (2005-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/1814/index.php Bulgarian Indymedia]</ref>
+Golden Dawn stated that rumours about the organisation having connections to the Greek police and the government are untrue, and that the police had intervened in Golden Dawn's rallies and had arrested members of the Party several times while the [[New Democracy]] party was in power (for example, during a rally in Thessaloniki in June [[2006]], and at a rally for the anniversary of the Greek genocide, in [[Athens]], also in [[2006]]).<ref name="XApress"/> Also, on [[January 2]], [[2005]], anti-fascist and leftist groups invaded Golden Dawn's headquarters in [[Thessaloniki]], under heavy police surveillance. Although riot police units were near the entrance of the building alongside the intruders, they allegedly did not attempt to stop their actions.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=314801 Indymedia Athens]. Athens.indymedia.org (2005-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/1814/index.php Bulgarian Indymedia]</ref>
 In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relations (and/or collaborating) with the Greek Central Intelligence Agency (KYP), and also accused the party's general-secretary [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]] of working for the KYP from the 80s. The evidence for this is an allegedly fake<ref name="protodikeio_athinwn_plastografia">{{cite news | url=http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%80-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83/ Nikos Michaloliakos: fake document of KYP, Court of first instance, of Athens 52803/04</ref> public document - a payslip - showing the names of both Michaloliakos and far right author and intellectual [[Konstantinos Plevris]] as operating for the agency.<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2000/mikro20000415.htm</ref>

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ==Allegations of connections to the Greek Police==
-In a 1998 interview with the  newspaper ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'', Georgios Romaios (the then [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) [[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Minister for Public Order]]) alleged the existence of "fascist elements in the [[Greek police]]", and vowed to suppress them.<ref name="Romaios">[http://www.hri.org/news/grpapers/typos/1998/98-06-29.typos.html Athens News Agency: Press Review in Greek, 98-06-29]. Hri.org (1998-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref> In a TV interview that same year, Romaios again claimed that there was a pro-fascist group within the police force although he said it was not organized, and was only involved in isolated incidents.<ref name="Ios98_3">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia's article] part 3 (in Greek)</ref> The same year, Eleftherotypia published a lengthy article called "The lower limbs of the police", which outlined connections between the police and [[neo-fascism]].<ref name="Ios98_1">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia article] part 1 (in Greek)</ref> Dimitris Reppas, the PASOK [[Minister for the Press and the Media (Greece)|government spokesman]], strongly denied such connections. However, the article quoted a speech by PASOK [[Hellenic Parliament|Member of Parliament]] Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos about a riot caused by [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] extremists, in which he said:
+In a 1998 interview with the  newspaper ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'', Georgios Romaios (the then [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) [[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Minister for Public Order]]) alleged the existence of "fascist elements in the [[Greek police]]", and vowed to suppress them.<ref name="Romaios">[http://www.hri.org/news/grpapers/typos/1998/98-06-29.typos.html Athens News Agency: Press Review in Greek, 98-06-29]. Hri.org (1998-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref> In a TV interview that same year, Romaios again claimed that there was a pro-fascist group within the police force although he said it was not organized, and was only involved in isolated incidents.<ref name="Ios98_3">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia's article] part 3 (in Greek)</ref> The same year, Eleftherotypia published a lengthy article called "The lower limbs of the police", which outlined connections between the police and [[neo-fascism]].<ref name="Ios98_1">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1998/ios19980927c.htm Eleftherotypia article] part 1 (in Greek)</ref> Dimitris Reppas, the PASOK [[Minister for the Press and the Media (Greece)|government spokesman]], strongly denied such connections. However, the article quoted a speech by PASOK [[Hellenic Parliament|Member of Parliament]] Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos about a riot caused by right wing extremists, in which he said:
 <blockquote>
-"In Thessaloniki it is widely discussed that far-right organisations are active in the security forces. Members of such organisations were the planners and chief executioners of the riot and nobody was arrested. A Special Forces officer, speaking at a briefing of Special Forces policemen that were to be on duty that day, told the policemen not to arrest anyone because the rioters were not enemies and threatened that should this be overlooked there would be penalties."<ref name="Ios98_3"/></blockquote>
+"In [[Thessaloniki]] it is widely discussed that far-right organisations are active in the security forces. Members of such organisations were the planners and chief executioners of the riot and nobody was arrested. A Special Forces officer, speaking at a briefing of Special Forces policemen that were to be on duty that day, told the policemen not to arrest anyone because the rioters were not enemies and threatened that should this be overlooked there would be penalties."<ref name="Ios98_3"/></blockquote>
 Before the surrender of Androutsopoulos, an article by the newspaper ''[[Ta Nea]]'' claimed that the Golden Dawn had close relationships with some parts of the Greek police force.<ref name="TaNea"/> In relation to the Periandros case, the article quoted an unidentified police officer who said that "half the force wanted Periandros arrested and the other half didn't". The article claimed that there was a confidential internal police investigation which concluded that:
 #Golden Dawn had very good relations and contacts with officers of the force, on and off duty, as well as with common policemen.
-#The police provided the group with [[Club (weapon)|baton]]s and radio communications equipment during mass demonstrations, mainly during celebrations of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]] and during rallies by left-wing and anarchist groups, in order to provoke riots.
+#The police provided the group with batons and radio communications equipment during mass demonstrations, mainly during celebrations of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]] and during rallies by left-wing and anarchist groups, in order to provoke riots.
 #The connections of the group with the force, as well as connections with Periandros, largely delayed his arrest.
-#The brother of "Periandros", also a member of Golden Dawn, was a security escort of an unnamed [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] MP.
+#The brother of "Periandros", also a member of Golden Dawn, was a security escort of an unnamed [[New Democracy]] MP.
 #Many Golden Dawn members were illegally carrying various kinds of weapons.
 The newspaper published a photograph of a typewritten paragraph with no identifiable insignia as evidence of the secret investigation.<ref name="TaNeaGif">[http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/data/D2004/D0417/1el23c.gif Image from the article] of [[Ta Nea]]</ref> In the article, the Minister for Public Order, [[Michalis Chrysochoidis]], responded that he did not recollect such a probe. Chrysochoidis also denied accusations that far right connections within the police force delayed the arrest of Periandros. He said that leftist groups, including the ultra-left anti-state resistance group [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November|17 November]], responsible for several murders, had similarly evaded the police for decades. In both cases, he attributed the failures to "stupidity and incompetence" on behalf of the force.<ref name="TaNea"/>
-Golden Dawn stated that rumours about the organisation having connections to the Greek police and the government are untrue, and that the police had intervened in Golden Dawn's rallies and had arrested members of the Party several times while the [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] party was in power (for example, during a rally in Thessaloniki in June 2006, and at a rally for the anniversary of the [[Greek genocide]], in Athens, also in 2006).<ref name="XApress"/> Also, on January 2, 2005, [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] and [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] groups invaded Golden Dawn's headquarters in Thesaloniki, under heavy police surveillance. Although riot police units were near the entrance of the building alongside the intruders, they allegedly did not attempt to stop their actions.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=314801 Indymedia Athens]. Athens.indymedia.org (2005-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/1814/index.php Bulgarian Indymedia]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref>
+Golden Dawn stated that rumours about the organisation having connections to the Greek police and the government are untrue, and that the police had intervened in Golden Dawn's rallies and had arrested members of the Party several times while the [[New Democracy]] party was in power (for example, during a rally in Thessaloniki in June 2006, and at a rally for the anniversary of the [[Greek genocide]], in Athens, also in 2006).<ref name="XApress"/> Also, on January 2, 2005, anti-fascist and leftist groups invaded Golden Dawn's headquarters in [[Thessaloniki]], under heavy police surveillance. Although riot police units were near the entrance of the building alongside the intruders, they allegedly did not attempt to stop their actions.<ref>[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=314801 Indymedia Athens]. Athens.indymedia.org (2005-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/1814/index.php Bulgarian Indymedia]</ref>
-In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relations (and/or collaborating) with the Greek Central Intelligence Agency (KYP), and also accused the party's general-secretary Nikolaos Michaloliakos of working for the KYP from the 80s. The evidence for this is an allegedly fake<ref name="protodikeio_athinwn_plastografia">{{cite news | url=http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%80-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83/ | title=Nikos Michaloliakos: fake document of KYP | publisher=Court of first instance, of Athens 52803/04}}</ref> public document - a payslip - showing the names of both Michaloliakos and far right author and intellectual [[Konstantinos Plevris]] as operating for the agency.<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2000/mikro20000415.htm</ref>
+In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relations (and/or collaborating) with the Greek Central Intelligence Agency (KYP), and also accused the party's general-secretary [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]] of working for the KYP from the 80s. The evidence for this is an allegedly fake<ref name="protodikeio_athinwn_plastografia">{{cite news | url=http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%80-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83/ Nikos Michaloliakos: fake document of KYP, Court of first instance, of Athens 52803/04</ref> public document - a payslip - showing the names of both Michaloliakos and far right author and intellectual [[Konstantinos Plevris]] as operating for the agency.<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2000/mikro20000415.htm</ref>
 ==Allegations of Nazism==

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 ==Political representation==
-In 2010, the party won its first municipal council seat<Ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-29/fascist-salutes-return-to-greece-as-anti-immigrants-chase-voters.html</ref> and [[Greek legislative election, 2012|entered parliament for the first time]] in 2012 at the expense of [[Popular_Orthodox_Rally|LAOS]].
+In 2010, the party won its first municipal council seat<Ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-29/fascist-salutes-return-to-greece-as-anti-immigrants-chase-voters.html</ref> and entered parliament for the first time in [[2012]] at the expense of [[Popular Orthodox Rally|LAOS]].
 ==Violence by and against Golden Dawn==