http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&feed=atom&action=historyConstantine I (emperor) - Revision history2024-03-28T20:33:18ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.32.0http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26937&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* Links */2007-06-05T10:59:52Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Links</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Links==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm RomanEmperors.org ''Vita'' of Constantine]; with bibliography</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm RomanEmperors.org ''Vita'' of Constantine]; with bibliography</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Diocletian<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>: Edicts against the Christians [http://www.tacentral.com/echmiadzin/Diocletian.htm]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Diocletian: Edicts against the Christians [http://www.tacentral.com/echmiadzin/Diocletian.htm]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Arch of Constantine]] Monument to the victory at Milvian Bridge. Also see Arch of Constantine: Constantinian Art on the Arch</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Arch of Constantine]] Monument to the victory at Milvian Bridge. Also see Arch of Constantine: Constantinian Art on the Arch</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/299_Arch_of_Constantine_2.html]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/299_Arch_of_Constantine_2.html]</div></td></tr>
</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26936&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* Constantine's Legacy */2007-06-05T10:59:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Constantine's Legacy</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni ([[306]]&ndash;[[308]]), the Franks again ([[313]]&ndash;[[314]]), the Visigoths in [[332]] and the Sarmatians in [[334]]. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia, which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in [[271]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni ([[306]]&ndash;[[308]]), the Franks again ([[313]]&ndash;[[314]]), the Visigoths in [[332]] and the Sarmatians in [[334]]. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia, which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in [[271]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was succeeded by his three sons by Fausta, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Constantine II <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]]</del>, [[Constantius II]] and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Constans<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his nephew and son-in-law, [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was succeeded by his three sons by Fausta, Constantine II, [[Constantius II]] and Constans, who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his nephew and son-in-law, [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26935&oldid=prevIrlandos at 10:58, June 5, 20072007-06-05T10:58:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Constantinopolis</del>, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lactantius and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Constantinoupolis</ins>, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lactantius and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26934&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* References and Further reading */2007-06-05T10:57:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References and Further reading</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Roman Emperor | Prev=[[Constantius Chlorus<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] and [[Galerius</del>]] | CoEmperor=''Co-Emperor with:'' [[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus]] | Next=[[Constantius II]], Constantine II and Constans|years=306&ndash;337}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Roman Emperor | Prev=[[Constantius Chlorus]] | CoEmperor=''Co-Emperor with:'' [[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus]] | Next=[[Constantius II]], Constantine II and Constans|years=306&ndash;337}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26933&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* References and Further reading */2007-06-05T10:57:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References and Further reading</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Roman Emperor | Prev=[[Constantius Chlorus]] and [[Galerius]] | CoEmperor=''Co-Emperor with:'' [[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus]] | Next=[[Constantius II]], <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Constantine II <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(emperor)|Constantine II]] </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Constans<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>|years=306&ndash;337}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Roman Emperor | Prev=[[Constantius Chlorus]] and [[Galerius]] | CoEmperor=''Co-Emperor with:'' [[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus]] | Next=[[Constantius II]], Constantine II and Constans|years=306&ndash;337}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26916&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* Constantine's Life and Actions after The Edict of Milan */2007-06-05T09:21:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Constantine's Life and Actions after The Edict of Milan</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Life and Actions after The Edict of Milan==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Life and Actions after The Edict of Milan==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coins struck for emperors often reveal details of their personal iconography. During the early part of Constantine's rule, representations first of Mars and then (from [[310]]) of [[Apollo]] as Sun god consistently appear on the reverse of the coinage. Mars had been associated with the Tetrarchy, and Constantine's use of this symbolism served to emphasize the legitimacy of his rule. After his breach with his father's old colleague <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Maximian<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>in [[309]]&ndash;310, Constantine began to claim legitimate descent from the [[3rd century]] emperor Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, the hero of the [[Battle of Naissus]] (September, [[268]]). The ''Augustan History'' of the [[4th century]] reports Constantine's paternal grandmother Claudia to be a daughter of Crispus, Crispus being a reported brother of both Claudius II and Quintillus. Historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coins struck for emperors often reveal details of their personal iconography. During the early part of Constantine's rule, representations first of Mars and then (from [[310]]) of [[Apollo]] as Sun god consistently appear on the reverse of the coinage. Mars had been associated with the Tetrarchy, and Constantine's use of this symbolism served to emphasize the legitimacy of his rule. After his breach with his father's old colleague Maximian in [[309]]&ndash;310, Constantine began to claim legitimate descent from the [[3rd century]] emperor Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, the hero of the [[Battle of Naissus]] (September, [[268]]). The ''Augustan History'' of the [[4th century]] reports Constantine's paternal grandmother Claudia to be a daughter of Crispus, Crispus being a reported brother of both Claudius II and Quintillus. Historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gothicus had claimed the divine protection of [[Apollo]]-Sol Invictus. In mid-[[310]], two years before the victory at the [[Milvian Bridge]], Constantine reportedly experienced the publicly announced vision in which Apollo-Sol Invictus appeared to him with omens of success. Thereafter the reverses of his coinage were dominated for several years by his "companion, the unconquered Sol" -- the inscriptions read <small>SOLI INVICTO COMITI</small>. The depiction represents Apollo with a solar halo, [[Helios]]-like, and the globe in his hands. In the [[320s]] Constantine has a halo of his own. There are also coins depicting Apollo driving the chariot of the Sun on a shield Constantine is holding and another ([[313]]?) shows the Christian ''[[chi-rho]]'' on a helmet Constantine is wearing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gothicus had claimed the divine protection of [[Apollo]]-Sol Invictus. In mid-[[310]], two years before the victory at the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Battle of the </ins>Milvian Bridge]], Constantine reportedly experienced the publicly announced vision in which Apollo-Sol Invictus appeared to him with omens of success. Thereafter the reverses of his coinage were dominated for several years by his "companion, the unconquered Sol" -- the inscriptions read <small>SOLI INVICTO COMITI</small>. The depiction represents Apollo with a solar halo, [[Helios]]-like, and the globe in his hands. In the [[320s]] Constantine has a halo of his own. There are also coins depicting Apollo driving the chariot of the Sun on a shield Constantine is holding and another ([[313]]?) shows the Christian ''[[chi-rho]]'' on a helmet Constantine is wearing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was also known for being ruthless with his political enemies, deposing the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Licinius]], his brother-in-law, by strangulation in [[325]] even though he had publicly promised not to execute him upon Licinius' surrender in [[324]]. In [[326]], Constantine executed first his eldest son [[Crispus]] and a few months later his own second wife Fausta. (Crispus was the only known son of Constantine by his first wife Minervina). There are rumours of step-mother and step-son having had an affair which caused Constantine's jealousy. The rumours were reported however by [[5th century]] historian [[Zosimus]] and [[12th century]] historian [[Joannes Zonaras]]. Their sources are not stated. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was also known for being ruthless with his political enemies, deposing the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Licinius]], his brother-in-law, by strangulation in [[325]] even though he had publicly promised not to execute him upon Licinius' surrender in [[324]]. In [[326]], Constantine executed first his eldest son [[Crispus]] and a few months later his own second wife Fausta. (Crispus was the only known son of Constantine by his first wife Minervina). There are rumours of step-mother and step-son having had an affair which caused Constantine's jealousy. The rumours were reported however by [[5th century]] historian [[Zosimus]] and [[12th century]] historian [[Joannes Zonaras]]. Their sources are not stated. </div></td></tr>
</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=26915&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* Constantine's Legacy */2007-06-05T09:20:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Constantine's Legacy</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:20, June 5, 2007</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Legacy==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Legacy==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni ([[306]]&ndash;[[308]]), the Franks again ([[313]]&ndash;[[314]]), the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Visigoths<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>in [[332]] and the Sarmatians in [[334]]. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia, which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in [[271]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni ([[306]]&ndash;[[308]]), the Franks again ([[313]]&ndash;[[314]]), the Visigoths in [[332]] and the Sarmatians in [[334]]. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia, which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in [[271]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was succeeded by his three sons by Fausta, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]], who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his nephew and son-in-law, [[Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was succeeded by his three sons by Fausta, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]], who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his nephew and son-in-law, [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Julian the Apostate|</ins>Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td></tr>
</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=12777&oldid=prevIrlandos at 10:18, April 17, 20062006-04-17T10:18:57Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:18, April 17, 2006</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Augustus<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (Constantinopolis, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lactantius and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (Constantinopolis, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lactantius and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early life==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early life==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was born at Naissus, (today's Ni&#353;, Serbia, in Upper Moesia, to [[Constantius I Chlorus]], a general of [[Greece|Greek]] descent, and [[Ste. Helena of Constantinople|Flavia Iulia Helena]], an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was an adolescent of only sixteen years. His father left his mother around [[292]] to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter or step-daughter of the Western Roman Emperor [[Maximian]]. Theodora would give birth to six half-siblings of Constantine, including [[Julius Constantius]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was born at Naissus, (today's Ni&#353;, Serbia, in Upper Moesia, to [[Constantius I Chlorus]], a general of [[Greece|Greek]] descent, and [[Ste. Helena of Constantinople|Flavia Iulia Helena]], an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was an adolescent of only sixteen years. His father left his mother around [[292]] to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter or step-daughter of the Western Roman Emperor [[Maximian]]. Theodora would give birth to six half-siblings of Constantine, including [[Julius Constantius]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Young Constantine was well educated and served at the court of Diocletian in [[Nicomedia]], after the appointment of his father as one of the two ''caesares''(junior emperors) of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Tetrarchy<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>in [[293]]. In [[305]], the ''Augustus'', Maximian, abdicated, and Constantius succeeded to the position. However, Constantius fell sick during an expedition against the Picts and Scots of Caledonia, and died on [[July 25]], [[306]]. Constantine managed to be at his deathbed in Eboracum (York) of Roman Britain, where the loyal general Crocus, of Alamannic descent, and the troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him an Augustus ("Emperor"). For the next eighteen years, he fought a series of battles and wars of consolidation that first obtained him co-rule with the Eastern Roman Emperor, and then finally leadership of a reunified Roman Empire.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Young Constantine was well educated and served at the court of Diocletian in [[Nicomedia]], after the appointment of his father as one of the two ''caesares''(junior emperors) of the Tetrarchy in [[293]]. In [[305]], the ''Augustus'', Maximian, abdicated, and Constantius succeeded to the position. However, Constantius fell sick during an expedition against the Picts and Scots of Caledonia, and died on [[July 25]], [[306]]. Constantine managed to be at his deathbed in Eboracum (York) of Roman Britain, where the loyal general Crocus, of Alamannic descent, and the troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him an Augustus ("Emperor"). For the next eighteen years, he fought a series of battles and wars of consolidation that first obtained him co-rule with the Eastern Roman Emperor, and then finally leadership of a reunified Roman Empire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine and Christianity==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine and Christianity==</div></td></tr>
</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=12776&oldid=prevIrlandos: /* Later Life */2006-04-17T10:17:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Later Life</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:17, April 17, 2006</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire Western Roman Empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire Western Roman Empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year [[320]], [[Licinius]], emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since [[Constantia]], half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>civil war<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>of [[324]]. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the [[14th century]]. Licinius, aided by Goth mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Paganism<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the ''labarum'', and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. He was the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year [[320]], [[Licinius]], emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since [[Constantia]], half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great civil war of [[324]]. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the [[14th century]]. Licinius, aided by Goth mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of Paganism. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the ''labarum'', and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. He was the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This battle represented the passing of old Rome, and the beginnings of the Eastern Empire as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation. Constantine rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] which was founded by colonists from the Greek city of [[Megara]] under [[Byzas]] in [[667 BC]]. He renamed the city "New Rome", providing it with a [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] and civic offices similar to the older Rome, and the new city was protected by the alleged <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>True Cross<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics. The figures of old gods were replaced and often assimilated into Christian symbolism. On the site of a temple to [[Aphrodite]] was built the new [[Basilica of the Apostles]]. Generations later there was the story that a Divine vision lead Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see, led him on a circuit of the new walls. After his death it was renamed Constantinopolis (or [[Constantinople]], "Constantine's City"), and gradually became the capital of the empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This battle represented the passing of old Rome, and the beginnings of the Eastern Empire as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation. Constantine rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] which was founded by colonists from the Greek city of [[Megara]] under [[Byzas]] in [[667 BC]]. He renamed the city "New Rome", providing it with a [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] and civic offices similar to the older Rome, and the new city was protected by the alleged True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics. The figures of old gods were replaced and often assimilated into Christian symbolism. On the site of a temple to [[Aphrodite]] was built the new [[Basilica of the Apostles]]. Generations later there was the story that a Divine vision lead Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see, led him on a circuit of the new walls. After his death it was renamed Constantinopolis (or [[Constantinople]], "Constantine's City"), and gradually became the capital of the empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Irlandoshttp://wiki.phantis.com/index.php?title=Constantine_I_(emperor)&diff=12775&oldid=prevIrlandos at 10:16, April 17, 20062006-04-17T10:16:41Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:16, April 17, 2006</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Constantine I.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Constantine the Great''' (mosaic in [[Hagia Sophia]], c. 1000 AD)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed [[Augustus]] by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Roman Empire<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (Constantinopolis, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Lactantius<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus''' ([[February 27]], [[272]]&ndash;[[May 22]], [[337]]), commonly known as '''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''', was proclaimed [[Augustus]] by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]] and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", which was popularly known in his time as "Constantine's City"&mdash; (Constantinopolis, [[Constantinople]]). Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] in [[325]], which fully legalized and then legitimized Christianity in the Empire for the first time. These actions are considered major factors in that religion's spread, and his reputation as the "first Christian Emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lactantius and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to the present day.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early life==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early life==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was born at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Naissus<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, (today's Ni&#353;, Serbia, in Upper Moesia, to [[Constantius I Chlorus]], a general of [[Greece|Greek]] descent, and [[Ste. Helena of Constantinople|Flavia Iulia Helena]], an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was an adolescent of only sixteen years. His father left his mother around [[292]] to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter or step-daughter of the Western Roman Emperor [[Maximian]]. Theodora would give birth to six half-siblings of Constantine, including [[Julius Constantius]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Constantine was born at Naissus, (today's Ni&#353;, Serbia, in Upper Moesia, to [[Constantius I Chlorus]], a general of [[Greece|Greek]] descent, and [[Ste. Helena of Constantinople|Flavia Iulia Helena]], an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was an adolescent of only sixteen years. His father left his mother around [[292]] to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter or step-daughter of the Western Roman Emperor [[Maximian]]. Theodora would give birth to six half-siblings of Constantine, including [[Julius Constantius]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Young Constantine was well educated and served at the court of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Diocletian<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>in [[Nicomedia]], after the appointment of his father as one of the two ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Caesar (title)|</del>caesares<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>''(junior emperors) of the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. In [[305]], the ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Augustus<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>'', <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Maximian<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, abdicated, and Constantius succeeded to the position. However, Constantius fell sick during an expedition against the Picts and Scots of Caledonia, and died on [[July 25]], [[306]]. Constantine managed to be at his deathbed in Eboracum (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>York<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>) of Roman Britain, where the loyal general Crocus, of Alamannic descent, and the troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him an Augustus ("Emperor"). For the next eighteen years, he fought a series of battles and wars of consolidation that first obtained him co-rule with the Eastern Roman Emperor, and then finally leadership of a reunified Roman Empire.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Young Constantine was well educated and served at the court of Diocletian in [[Nicomedia]], after the appointment of his father as one of the two ''caesares''(junior emperors) of the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. In [[305]], the ''Augustus'', Maximian, abdicated, and Constantius succeeded to the position. However, Constantius fell sick during an expedition against the Picts and Scots of Caledonia, and died on [[July 25]], [[306]]. Constantine managed to be at his deathbed in Eboracum (York) of Roman Britain, where the loyal general Crocus, of Alamannic descent, and the troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him an Augustus ("Emperor"). For the next eighteen years, he fought a series of battles and wars of consolidation that first obtained him co-rule with the Eastern Roman Emperor, and then finally leadership of a reunified Roman Empire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine and Christianity==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine and Christianity==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30" >Line 30:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire Western Roman Empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire Western Roman Empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year [[320]], [[Licinius]], emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since [[Constantia]], half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great [[civil war]] of [[324]]. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the [[14th century]]. Licinius, aided by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Goths|</del>Goth<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of [[Paganism]]. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>labarum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>'', and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. He was the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year [[320]], [[Licinius]], emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the [[Edict of Milan]] in [[313]] and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since [[Constantia]], half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great [[civil war]] of [[324]]. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the [[14th century]]. Licinius, aided by Goth mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of [[Paganism]]. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the ''labarum'', and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. He was the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This battle represented the passing of old Rome, and the beginnings of the Eastern Empire as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation. Constantine rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] which was founded by colonists from the Greek city of [[Megara]] under [[Byzas]] in [[667 BC]]. He renamed the city "New Rome", providing it with a [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] and civic offices similar to the older Rome, and the new city was protected by the alleged [[True Cross]], the Rod of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Moses<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>and other holy relics. The figures of old gods were replaced and often assimilated into Christian symbolism. On the site of a temple to [[Aphrodite]] was built the new [[Basilica of the Apostles]]. Generations later there was the story that a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Vision (religion)|</del>Divine vision<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>lead Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see, led him on a circuit of the new walls. After his death it was renamed Constantinopolis (or [[Constantinople]], "Constantine's City"), and gradually became the capital of the empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This battle represented the passing of old Rome, and the beginnings of the Eastern Empire as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation. Constantine rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] which was founded by colonists from the Greek city of [[Megara]] under [[Byzas]] in [[667 BC]]. He renamed the city "New Rome", providing it with a [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] and civic offices similar to the older Rome, and the new city was protected by the alleged [[True Cross]], the Rod of Moses and other holy relics. The figures of old gods were replaced and often assimilated into Christian symbolism. On the site of a temple to [[Aphrodite]] was built the new [[Basilica of the Apostles]]. Generations later there was the story that a Divine vision lead Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see, led him on a circuit of the new walls. After his death it was renamed Constantinopolis (or [[Constantinople]], "Constantine's City"), and gradually became the capital of the empire. ''(MacMullen 1969)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his later life he even turned to preaching, giving his own sermons in the palace before his court and invited crowds. His sermons preached harmony at first, but gradually turned more confrontational with the old pagan ways. The reason for this later "change of heart" remains conjectural. However, pagans still received appointments, even up to the end of his life. Exerting his absolute power, the army recited his composed Latin prayer in an attempt to convert them to Christianity, which failed. He began a large building program of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>churches<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>in the [[Holy Land]], which while greatly expanding the faith also allowed considerable increase in the power and wealth (and as such the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>corruption<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>) of the clergy, as the clergy took over many aspects of government, including the courts and civil cases.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his later life he even turned to preaching, giving his own sermons in the palace before his court and invited crowds. His sermons preached harmony at first, but gradually turned more confrontational with the old pagan ways. The reason for this later "change of heart" remains conjectural. However, pagans still received appointments, even up to the end of his life. Exerting his absolute power, the army recited his composed Latin prayer in an attempt to convert them to Christianity, which failed. He began a large building program of churches in the [[Holy Land]], which while greatly expanding the faith also allowed considerable increase in the power and wealth (and as such the corruption) of the clergy, as the clergy took over many aspects of government, including the courts and civil cases.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Legal Standards==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Constantine's Legal Standards==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l73" >Line 73:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 73:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Forvm Ancient Coins: Constantine the Great, early AD 307-[[22 May]] [[337]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Forvm Ancient Coins: Constantine the Great, early AD 307-[[22 May]] [[337]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.forumancientcoins.com/Roman_Coins.asp?e=Constantine_the_Great&par=1878pos=18target=55]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.forumancientcoins.com/Roman_Coins.asp?e=Constantine_the_Great&par=1878pos=18target=55]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Donatist<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Donatist </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Ammianus Marcellinus<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Ammianus Marcellinus</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Edict of Milan AD 313'' [http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8920/European/edictofmilan.htm]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Edict of Milan AD 313'' [http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8920/European/edictofmilan.htm]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.iv.vii.html Constantine's open letter] Letter to Alexander and [[Arius]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.iv.vii.html Constantine's open letter] Letter to Alexander and [[Arius]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Irlandos