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Miltiadis Ewert

2011-01-11T18:35:54Z

Peeperman: Redirected page to Miltiades Ewert

#REDIRECT [[Miltiades Ewert]]

Athena 98.4 FM

2011-01-11T18:35:26Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:Athena984FM-sm.jpg|right]]
'''Athena 98.4 FM''' is the first private radio station to begin broadcasting legally in [[Greece]]. Its first broadcast was on [[May 31]], [[1987]], and the station was launched by former [[Athens]] mayor [[Miltiadis Ewert]]. The station initially faced many challenges as a legal framework for private broadcasting was not finalized in Greece until [[1989]]. The station used to broadcast on 98.4 FM, but moved to 98.3 FM in [[2002]] after frequencies in the city of [[Athens]] were reassigned. The station is owned by the Municipality of Athens. The station also webcasts online and broadcasts via satellite.

==External links==
* [http://www.athina984fm.gr Official Website]

[[Category:Radio Stations in Greece]]

Mount Athos

2010-07-11T00:47:11Z

Peeperman: /* The twenty self-governing monasteries */

'''Mount Athos''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Όρος Άθως) is a mountain and a peninsula in [[Macedonia]], northern [[Greece]], called in [[Greek language|Greek]] Άγιον Όρος ('''Ayion Oros''' or '''Agion Oros''' ("Holy Mountain.").

In Classical times, the peninsula was called Ακτή ('''Acte''' or '''Akte'''). Politically it is known in [[Greece]] as the '''Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain'''. This World Heritage Site is home to 20 [[Eastern Orthodox]] monasteries and forms a self-governed monastic state within the sovereignty of the [[Greece|Hellenic Republic]]. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]].

The peninsula, the easternmost "leg" of the larger [[Chalcidice]] peninsula, protrudes into the [[Aegean Sea]] for some 60 km at a width between 7 to 12 km and covers an area of about 390 km², with the actual Mount Athos and its steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to 2,033 m. The seas around the end of the peninsula can be dangerous.

Though land-linked, it is accessible only by boat. The number of visitors is restricted and all are required to get a special entrance permit before entering Mount Athos. Only males are allowed entrance into Mount Athos and Orthodox Christians take precedence in the permit issuance procedure. Only males over the age of 18, who are members of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] are allowed to live on Athos. There are religious guards, who are not monks, that assist the monks, and any other people not monks are required to live on the peninsula's capital, [[Karyes]]. The current population numbers around 2,250.

==List of settlements==
===The twenty self-governing monasteries===

The sovereign monasteries, in the order of their place in the Athonite hierarchy:
#[[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]] (Μεγίστη Λαύρα, ''Megísti Lávra'')
#[[Vatopedi]] (Βατοπέδι)
#[[Iviron monastery|Iviron]] (Ιβήρων; ივერთა მონასტერი , ''iverta monasteri'') - built by Georgians
#[[Hilandar]] (Χιλανδαρίου, ''Chilandariou''; Хиландар) - Serbian
#[[Dionysiou monastery|Dionysiou]] (Διονυσίου)
#[[Koutloumousiou monastery|Koutloumousiou]] (Κουτλουμούσι)
#[[Pandokratoros monastery|Pantokrator]] (Παντοκράτορος, ''Pantokratoros'')
#[[Xiropotamou monastery|Xiropotamou]] (Ξηροποτάμου)
#[[Zograf Monastery|Zografou]] (Ζωγράφου, ''Зограф'') - Bulgarian
#[[Dochiariou monastery|Dochiariou]] (Δοχειαρίου)
#[[Karakalou monastery|Karakalou]] (Καρακάλλου)
#[[Filotheou monastery|Filotheou]] (Φιλοθέου)
#[[Simonopetra monastery|Simonos Petra]] (Σίμωνος Πέτρα or Σιμωνόπετρα)
#[[Agiou Pavlou monastery|Saint Paul's]] (Αγίου Παύλου, ''Agiou Pavlou'')
#[[Stavronikita monastery|Stavronikita]] (Σταυρονικήτα)
#[[Ksenofondos monastery|Ksenofondos]] (Ξενοφώντος)
#[[Osiou Grigoriou monastery|Osiou Grigoriou]] (Οσίου Γρηγορίου)
#[[Esphigmenou Monastery|Esfigmenou]] (Εσφιγμένου)
#[[Monastery of St Panteleimon|Saint Panteleimon's]] (Αγίου Παντελεήμονος, ''Agiou Panteleimonos''; or Ρωσικό, ''Rossikon'') - Russian
#[[Konstamonitou monastery|Konstamonitou]] (Κωνσταμονίτου)

===The main sketes===
*[[Kafsokalyvia]]
*[[Lakkoskete]] (''Lacu, Sfântul Dumitru'' - Romanian)
*[[New Skete (Mount Athos)|New Skete]]
*[[Prodromos (Mount Athos)|Prodromos]] (''Prodromu, Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul'' - Romanian)
*[[Provata]]
*[[Saint Anne's Skete]]
*[[Saint Basil's Skete (Mount Athos)|Saint Basil's Skete]]
*[[Skete of Iviron]]
*[[Skete of Koutloumousiou]]
*[[Skete of Pantokratoros]]
*[[Skete of Vatopedi]]
*[[Skete of Xenophontos]]
*[[Saint Andrew's Skete]] also known as Saray (Σαράι)

===Important settlements===
*[[Karyes]]
*[[Dafni (Athos)|Dafni]]

==History==
===Antiquity===

In the context of [[Greek mythology]] ''Athos'' was the name of one of the [[Gigantes]] that challenged the [[Greek gods]] during the ''Gigantomachia''. Athos threw a massive rock against [[Poseidon]] which fell in the [[Aegean sea]] and became the Athonite Peninsula. According to another version of the story, Poseidon used the mountain to bury the defeated giant.

[[Herodotus]] tells us that [[Pelasgians]] from the island of [[Lemnos]] populated the peninsula, then called ''Acte'' or ''Akte''. (Herodotus, VII:22) Strabo reports of five cities on the peninsula: [[Dion (Chalcidice)|Dion]] (Dium), [[Cleonae]] (Kleonai), [[Thyssos]] (Thyssus), [[Olophyxos]] (Olophyxis), [[Acrothoï]] (Akrothoön), of which the last is near the crest. (Strabo, ''Geography'', VII:33:1) [[Eretria]] also established colonies on Acte. Two other cities were established in the Classical period: [[Acanthus (city)|Acanthus]] (Akanthos) and [[Sane (Acte)|Sane]]. Some of these cities minted their own coins.

The peninsula was on the invasion route of [[Xerxes I]], who had a channel excavated across the isthmus to allow the passage of his invasion fleet in [[483 BC]]. After the death of [[Alexander the Great]], the architect [[Dinocrates]] (Deinokrates), proposed to carve the entire mountain into a statue of Alexander.

The history of the peninsula during latter ages is shrouded by the lack of historical accounts. Archaeologists have not been able to determine the exact location of the cities reported by Strabo. It is believed that they must have been deserted when Athos' new inhabitants, the monks, started arriving at some time before the [[7th century AD]].<ref name="Kadas1"> Kadas, Sotiris "The Holy Mountain", Ekdotike Athenon, Athens, ISBN 960-213-199-3 </ref>

===Early Christianity===

According to the athonite tradition, the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] was sailing accompanied by St [[John the Evangelist]] from Joppa to [[Cyprus]] to visit [[Lazarus]]. When the ship was blown off course to then pagan Athos it was forced to anchor near the port of Klement, close to the present monastery of Iviron. The Virgin walked ashore and, overwhelmed by the wonderful and wild natural beauty of the mountain, she blessed it and asked her Son for it to be her garden. A voice was heard saying "Εστω ο τόπος ούτος κλήρος σός καί περιβόλαιον σόν καί παράδεισος, έτι δέ καί λιμήν σωτήριος των θελόντων σωθήναι" (Translation: "Let this place be your inheritance and your garden, a paradise and a haven of salvation for those seeking to be saved"). From that moment the mountain was consecrated as the garden of the Mother of God and was out of bounds to all other women.

Historical documents on ancient Mount Athos history are very few. We are sure that monks were already there since the 4th century, or possibly since the 3rd. During [[Constantine I]]'s reign ([[324]]-[[337]]) both Christians and pagans were living there. During the reign of [[Julian the Apostate]] ([[361]]-[[363]]), the churches of Mount Athos were destroyed, and Christians hid in the woods and inaccessible places. Later, during [[Theodosius I]]'s reign ([[383]]-[[395]]), the pagan temples were destroyed. The lexicographer [[Esychios the Alexandrian]] states that in the 5th century there was still a temple and a statue of "[[Zeus]] Athonite". After the Islamic conquest of Egypt in the 7th century, many monks from the Egyptian desert tried to find another calm place; some of them came to the Athos peninsula. An ancient document states that monks "...built huts of wood with roofs of straw (...) and by collecting fruit from the wild trees were providing themselves improvised meals..."

===Byzantine era: the first monasteries===

[[Theophanes the Confessor]] (Θεοφάνης ο Ομολογητής, end of 8th century) and [[George Kedrinos]] (Γεώργιος Κεδρηνός, 11th century) wrote that the eruption of [[Santorini|Thera volcano]] on [[726]] was visible from Mount Athos, proving that on that time there were inhabitants on it. Historian [[Genesios]] (Γενεσιος) recorded that at the 7th Ecumenical Synod of Nicaea ([[843]]) monks from Athos were participating. Around [[860]], the famous monk Efthymios the Young (Ευθύμιος ο Νέος) came to Athos and a number of monk-huts ("skiti of Saint Basil") are created around his place, possibly near Krya Nera. During the reign of emperor [[Basil I]] the "Macedonian" (Βασίλειος ο Μακεδόνας), the former Archbishop of [[Crete]] (and later of [[Thessaloniki]]) Basil the Confessor (Βασίλειος ο Ομολογητής) built a small monastery at the place of the modern harbour ("arsanas") of Chelandariou Monastery. Soon after this, a document of [[883]] states that Ioannis Kolovos (Ιωάννης Κολοβός) built a monastery at Megali Vigla. On a chrysobull of emperor Basil I, dated [[885]], the Holy Mountain is proclaimed a place of monks, and no laymen or farmers or cattle-breeders are allowed to be settled there. The next year, in a royal edict of emperor [[Leo VI the Wise]] we read about the "...so called ancient seat of the council of [[geronde]]s (council of elders)...", meaning that there was already a kind of monks' administration and that it was already "ancient". In [[887]], some monks expostulate to the emperor Leo the Wise as the monastery of Kolovos is growing more and more and they lose their peace. In [[908]], the existence of a [[Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] ("First monk") is documented, who is the "head" of the monastic community. In [[943]], the borders of the monastic state was precisely mapped while we know that Karies (or Karyes, Καρυές) is already the capital town and seat of the administration and has the name "Megali Mesi Lavra" (Big Central Assembly). In [[956]], a decree offered to the Xiropotamou monastery land of about 1/4 of an acre (2 500 m²), which means that this monastery was already quite big.

In [[958]], the monk [[Athanasios the Athonite]] (Άγιος Αθανάσιος ο Αθωνίτης) arrived on Mount Athos. In [[962]], the big central church of the "Protaton" in Karies is built. In the next year, with the support of his friend, Emperor [[Nicephorus II|Nicephorus Phocas]], the monastery of [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]] was founded, still the largest and most prominent of the 20 monasteries existing today. It enjoyed the protection of the emperors of the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the following centuries and its wealth and possessions grew considerably. The [[Fourth Crusade]] in the [[13th century]] brought new Roman Catholic overlords which forced the monks to complain and ask for the intervention of Pope Innocent III, until the restoration of the Byzantine Empire came. It was raided by Catalan mercenaries in the [[14th century]], a century that also saw the theological conflict over the hesychasm practised on Mount Athos and defended by [[Gregory Palamas]].

===Ottoman era===

The Byzantine Empire was conquered in the [[15th century]] and the newly established Islamic Ottoman Empire took its place. The Athonite monks tried to maintain good relations with the Ottoman Sultans and therefore when Murad II conquered [[Thessaloniki]] in 1430 they immediately pledged allegiance to him. In return, Murad recognized the monasteries' properties, something which [[Mehmed II]] formally ratified after the [[fall of Constantinople]] in [[1453]]. In this way the Athonite independence was somewhat guaranteed.

The 15th and 16th centuries were particularly peaceful for the Athonite community. This led to relative prosperity for the monasteries. An example of this is the foundation of [[Stavronikita monastery]] which completed the current number of Athonite monasteries. Following the conquest of the Serbian Despotate by the Ottomans many Serbian monks came to Athos. The extensive presence of Serbian monks is depicted in the numerous elections of Serbian monks to the office of the Protos during the era.

Sultan Selim I was a substantial benefactor of the [[Xiropotamou monastery]]. In 1517, he issued a fatwa and a ''hatt-i sharif'', "noble edict" that "the place, where the Holy Gospel is preached, whenever it is burned or even damaged, it shall be erected again." He also endowed privileges to the Abbey and financed the construction of the dining area and underground of the Abbey as well as the renovation of the wall paintings in the central church that were completed between the years 1533-1541.<ref>[http://www.ierissos.gr/en/agiooros_abbey06.htm Municipality of Stagira, Acanthos]</ref>

Despite the fact that most time the monasteries were left on their own, the Ottomans heavily taxed them and sometimes they seized important land parcels from them. This eventually culminated an economic crisis in Athos during the 17th century. This led to the adoption of the so called "idiorythmic" lifestyle (a semi-eremitic variant of Christian monasticism) by a few monasteries at first and later, during the first half of the 18th century, by all. This new way of monastic organization was an emergency measure taken by the monastic communities to counter their harsh economic environment. Contrary to the cenobitic system, monks in idiorythmic communities have private property, work for themselves, they are solely responsible for acquiring food and other necessities and they dine separately in their cells, only meeting with other monks at church. At the same time, the monasteries' abbots were replaced by committees and at Karyes the Protos was replaced by a four member committee.<ref name="Skadas2"> Kadas, Sotiris "The Holy Mountain", Ekdotike Athenon, Athens, ISBN 960-213-199-3 </ref>

Russian tsars, and princes from Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia (until the end of the 15th century) helped the monasteries to survive, offering large donations. The population of monks and their wealth declined over the next centuries, but were revitalized around the [[19th century]]. In [[1912]], during the [[First Balkan War]], the Ottomans were forced out by the Greek Navy.

In June of 1913 a small Russian fleet, consisting of the gunboat Donets and the transport ships Tsar and Kherson, delivered the archbishop of Vologda, and a number of troops to Mount Athos to intervene in the theological controversy over ''imiaslavie'' (a Russian Orthodox movement).
The archbishop held talks with the imiaslavtsy and tried to make them change their beliefs voluntarily, but was unsuccessful. On July 31 the troops stormed the St. Panteleimon Monastery. Although the monks were not armed and did not actively resist, the troops showed very heavy-handed tactics.
After the storming of St. Panteleimon Monastery the monks from the Andreevsky Skete surrendered voluntarily.
The military transport Kherson was converted into a prison ship and several imiaslavtsy monks were sent to Russia.

After a brief conflict between Greece and Russia over sovereignty, the peninsula formally came under Greek sovereignty after [[World War I]].

===Modern times===
The self-governed region of the Holy Mountain, according to the Decree passed by the Holy Community on the 3rd October 1913 and according to the international treaties of [[Treaty of London, 1913|London]] (1913), [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1913|Bucharest]] (1913), [[Treaty of Neuilly|Neuilly]] (1919), [[Treaty of Sevres|Sèvres]] (1920) and [[Treaty of Lausanne|Lausanne]] (1923), is considered part of the Greek state. Later a "Special Double Assembly" of the Holy Community in Karyes passed the "Constitutional Map" of the Holy Mountain, which was ratified by the Greek Parliament. This regime originates from the "self-ruled monastic state" as stated on a [[chrysobull]] parchment signed and sealed by the Byzantine Emperor [[Ioannis Tsimiskis]] in 972. This important document is preserved in the House of the Holy Administration in Karyes. Independence of the Holy Mountain was later granted again by Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] in 1095. According to the constitution of Greece,<ref name="GreekConstitution">[http://www.hri.org/MFA/syntagma/artcl120.html#A105 Article 105 of the Constitution of Greece] - The regime of Mount Athos. </ref> Mount Athos (the "Monastic State of Aghion Oros") is politically self-governed and consists of 20 main monasteries (which constitute the Holy Community to administer the territory) and the capital city and administrative centre, Karyes, also home to a governor as the representative of the Greek state. The status of the Holy Mountain was expressly described and ratified upon admission of Greece to the European Union (then the European Community).

In modern times, the Mount Athos monasteries have repeatedly been struck by wildfires, e.g. in August [[1990]], and in March [[2004]], fire gutted a large section of the Serbian monastery, [[Hilandar]]. Due to the secluded locations of the monasteries, often atop small hills, as well as the unavailability of suitable fire fighting gear, the damages inflicted by these fires are often considerable.

On September 12, 2004, the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria]], [[Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria|Peter VII]], was killed, together with 16 others, in a helicopter crash in the [[Aegean Sea]] off the peninsula. The Patriarch was heading to Mount Athos. The cause of the crash remains unknown.

The monasteries of Mount Athos have a history of opposing ecumenism, or movements towards reconciliation between the [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople]] and the Roman Catholic Church. The [[Esphigmenou]] monastery is particularly outspoken in this respect, having raised black flags to protest against the meeting of [[Patriarch Athenagoras I]] of [[Constantinople]] and Pope Paul VI in [[1972]] . Esphigmenou was subsequently expelled from the representative bodies of the Athonite Community. The conflict escalated in 2002 with [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] declaring the monks of Esphigmenou an illegal brotherhood and ordering their eviction; the monks refuse to be evicted, and oppose their replacement with a new brotherhood.

====Contemplated postage stamp issue====

In the winter of 1915 - 1916 the allied forces were considering occupation of the holy mountain. In anticipation of this they prepared a set of stamps which were intended for issue on [[25 January]] [[1916]] for the use of the Governing body of the Monastic Republic.

These stamps were produced in sheets of 12, (3 rows of 4), on board the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal. Six values were produced, ranging up to one shilling, and all were printed in black but on various different paper types.

The design of these stamps consisted of a square border with the name MOUNT ATHOS at the bottom in English, the left in Russian and on the right in Greek. At the top was inscribed THEOCRACY. The denomination appeared at each corner with the English in the lower corners, Greek in the top left and Russian in the top right. The inner section showed a double headed Byzantine eagle with the effigy of the Madonna and child in an oval on its breast.

These stamps have no official status but fall into the category of prepared for use but not issued. Two points of interest arise with these stamps: They are the only issue to bear the currency and alphabets of three different languages. They are the only issue to be produced on a warship in a time of war.

==Administration and organization==

The Holy Mountain is governed by the "Holy Community" (Iera Kinotita) which consists of the representatives of the 20 Holy Monasteries, having as executive committee the four-membered "Holy Administration" (Iera Epistassia), with the [[Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] being the head of it. Civil authorities are represented by the Civil Governor, appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, whose main duty is to supervise the function of the institutions and the public order. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].

In each of the 20 monasteries - which today all follow the coenobitic system - the administration is in the hands of the "Abbot" (Igoumenos) who is elected by the brotherhood for life. He is the lord and spiritual father of the monastery. The Convention of the brotherhood is the legislative body. All the other establishments (cloisters, cells, huts, retreats, hermitages) are dependencies of some of the 20 monasteries and are assigned to the monks by a document called "homologo".

Beyond the monasteries there are 12 sketae, smaller communities of monks, as well as many (solitary) hermitages throughout the peninsula. All persons leading a monastic life thereon acquire Greek citizenship without further formalities, upon admission as novices or monks. Visits to the peninsula are possible for laymen, but they need special permission.

Of the 20 monasteries located on the Holy Mountain, 17 are Greek and the other 3 belong to other Orthodox nationalities: the Chelandariou Monastery is Serbian, the Zografou Monastery is Bulgarian and the Aghiou Panteleimonos Monastery is Russian. Among the 12 cloisters, two are Romanian, the coenobitic "Skiti Timiou Prodromou" (which belongs to the Monastery Meghistis Lavras) and the idiorythmic "Skiti Aghiou Dimitriou tou Lakkou", also called "Lakkoskiti" (which belongs to the Aghiou Pavlou Monastery) and another one is Bulgarian, "Skiti Vogoroditsa" (which belongs to the Aghiou Panteleimonos Monastery).

===Visiting procedure===
Entry to the mountain is usually by ferry boat from the port of Ouranoupolis in the Halkidiki perfecture. Before embarking on the boat all visitors must have been issued a diamonitirion, a form of Byzantine visa that is written in Greek, dated to the Julian calendar, and signed by four of the secretaries of leading monasteries. There are generally two kinds of diamonitirion, the general diamonitirion that enables the visitor to stay overnight at any one of the monasteries but only stay in the mountain for 3 days and the special diamonitirion which allows a visitor to visit only one monastery or Skiti but can stay as many days as he has agreed with the monks.

Most visitors arrive at the small port of [[Dafni (Athos)|Dafni]] from where they can take the only paved road in the mountain to the capital Karyes or continue via a further smaller boat to other monasteries down the coast. There is a public bus between Dafni and Karyes. Taxis operated by monk-taxi drivers are available for hire at Dafni. They are all wheels drive vehicles since most roads in the mountain are unpaved. Visitor on monasteries on the mountain's western side prefer to stay on the ferry and disembark on the monastery they wish to visit.

Upon arrival at a monastery, the visitor may ask the guest-master if and when they may see and venerate the relics and miraculous icons and may receive a kind of guided tour and information about the history of the monastery. Visitors should not miss the old church of "Protaton" with its exceptional murals and to venerate the miraculous holy icon of Virgin Mary, called "Axion Esti", which is the household icon of the patron saint of the Holy Mountain.

===Prohibition of entry for women===
In order to reduce sexual temptation, women are completely barred from the peninsula, a fact which has earned a certain amount of fame; even female domestic animals (with the exception, some say, of cats, as well as chickens, which lay eggs that provide the fresh egg yolk needed for the paint used in iconography) are forbidden.

The interdiction is punished by imprisonment from one to two years. The European parliament has urged Greece twice to change this rule, but the demand was rejected.<ref name="StraightDope">[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/010209.html Is there a monastery in Greece that won't even allow female animals?] </ref>

Athos did shelter refugees including women and girls twice in its history, during the aftermath of the failed [[1770]] [[Orlov Revolt]] and during the Greek [[War of Independence]] in 1821.

There was an incident in the 1930s regarding [[Aliki Diplarakou]], the first [[Greeks |Greek]] beauty pageant contestant to win the Miss Europe title, who shocked the world when she dressed up as a man and sneaked into Mount Athos. Her escapade was discussed in the July 13, 1953 Time magazine article entitled ''The Climax of Sin''.<ref name="Time1953">[http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,806694,00.html The Climax of Sin], Time Magazine, 1953</ref>

=== Position towards European Community===
For the European Community treaty it is not considered a part of a member state, due to its special status. This has several repercussions.
Among other things this means that it does not have the benefit of free traffic of goods in the EC, which means taxes have to be paid if they want to import goods in Greece or elsewhere in the EU. This status is similar to other parts of Europe, such as the Channel Islands.

==Culture and life in the Hagion Oros==
===Architecture===

The architectural structure of the monasteries and the coenobitic cloisters consists of a cluster of sequential high buildings, which enclose an inner courtyard. These buildings were also a defensive shield and give the monasteries of Athos peninsula their characteristic castle-like appearance. There are also towers with embrasures. The portal is usually tunnel-shaped for defence purposes, and is closed by heavy iron-sheeted wooden gates. Outside and near the main entrance, there is usually a roomy kiosk with a great view. Near the centre of the paved interior courtyard is the most important part of the monastery, the central church that is called "katholikon", and opposite, to the west, there is the refectory, called "trapeza". Other basic parts of a monastery are the Assembly room and the administration offices, the guesthouse, the monks' quarters, the library, the sacristy. In front of the west entrance of the main church, there exists "Fiali", an ornate marble washstand containing holy water. Within the courtyard, there is a fountain with fresh water. Little chapels are interspersed at various points of the monastery.

The "katholikon" of the Holy Mountain is a cross-shaped building, which, besides the niche of the sanctum, possesses two additional wide niches to the north and south for the choristers. Four pillars support the high central dome. To the west side of the church, between the narthex and the outer peristyle, another room has been added, called "liti", where the "liti" service is performed.

Each monastery or cloister has a small harbour so as to receive supplies by sea. It is called "arsanas" (actually coming from the Latin word "arsenal") and is often fortified by a strong, high tower.

Inside the churches, icon-stands, sacristies and libraries of the monasteries and cloisters, relics and treasures of inestimable value are kept, of devotional, artistic, historical or national importance and for the pilgrims most of them are difficult to access for security purposes.

===Art treasures===
The Athonian monasteries possess huge deposits of invaluable medieval art treasures, including icons, liturgical vestments and objects (crosses, chalices), codices and other Christian texts, imperial chrysobulls, holy relics etc. Until recently no organized study and archiving had been carried out, but lately a European Union-funded effort to catalogue, protect and restore them is under way.

===Languages===
[[Greek language|Greek]] is commonly used in all Greek monasteries, but in some monasteries there are other languages in use, in [[St. Pantaleon Monastery|St Panteleimonos]] Russian (35 monks), in Iviron Georgian (53 monks), in Hilandar Serbian (46), in Zographou Bulgarian (15), and in the sketae of Prodromos and Lacu Romanian (64). Today, many of the Greek monks also speak English. Since there are monks from many nations in Athos (some come as far as Latin America) they also speak their own mother languages.

===Hospitality===
Traditional hospitality is the most touching and perhaps, today, the hardest task of the monks, because of the increasing number of pilgrims in recent years. The hospitality demand often exceeds the honest intention of the monks and the capabilities of a monastery. It is best to visit Athos in the winter when there are fewer visitors. So it is better, before starting for a specific monastery, to confirm by a phone-call that the monastery is in a position to accommodate you. The visitor resides in the guesthouse (archondariki), and has to respect and follow the monastery's program: praying (services in church or in private), common dining, working (according to the duties of each monk) and rest. If you are on a special diet or fasting or if you want to receive the holy communion (for Orthodox Christians only) please let the guest-master (archondaris) know it in time. During religious celebrations there are usually long vigils and the entire program of the day is radically reshaped. You should ask on arrival about the day (and night) schedule. The gate of the monasteries closes by sunset and opens again by sunrise.

===The sketae===

Monastic life in the sketae is totally different. Some of them resemble a tidy farmhouse, others are poor huts, others have the gentility of Byzantine tradition or of Russian architecture of the past century. The monk of a cell, having to take care of every life's worry, makes up his program by himself. For the visitor, it is worth experiencing this side of monastic life, but most of the cells have very little or no capacity for hospitality.

There are two types of "cloisters" ("sketae"): the coenobitic skiti and the idiorythmic skiti. The first, both in architecture and life-style, follows the typical model of a monastery. In contrast, the second is rather like a small village, and daily life there is much like that of a "cell", but there are also some duties for the community. Near the centre of the settlement is the central church called "kyriako" (that could be translated "for the Sunday") where the whole brotherhood meets on Sundays and religious celebrations. Usually there are also an administration house, a library, storehouses and a guesthouse.

==The Friends of Mount Athos==

''The Friends of Mount Athos'' is a society formed in 1990 by people who shared a common interest for the monasteries of Mount Athos. Timothy Ware, auxiliary bishop Kallistos of Diokleia, is the President of the society. Among its members are Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Charles, Prince of Wales, Heir Apparent to the British throne.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3707317.stm BBC, Prince visits 'monastic republic']</ref>

==Notes and references==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*''The 6,000 Beards of Mount Athos'' ISBN 0-85955-251-9 by Ralph H. Brewster. A guide to the peninsula, first published in 1935, detailing the landscape, monasteries, skites, and the life of the inhabitants, including customs and more not usually discussed.
*''Mount Athos'' ISBN 960-213-075-X by Sotiris Kadas. An illustrated guide to the monasteries and their history (Athens 1998). With many illustrations of the Byzantine art treasures on Mount Athos.
*''Athos The Holy Mountain'' by Sydney Loch. Published 1957 & 1971 (Librairie Molho, Thessaloniki). Loch spent most of his life in the Byzantine tower at Ouranopolis, close to Athos, and describes his numerous visits to the Holy Mountain. A fascinating travelogue. The famous Molho Bookstore in Thessaloniki may have a few copies left.
*''Dare to be Free'' ISBN 0-330-10629-5 by Walter Babington Thomas. Offers insights into the lives of the monks of Mt Athos during WWII, from the point of view of an escaped POW who spent a year on the peninsula evading capture.
*''Blue Guide: Greece'' (ISBN 0-393-30372-1), pp. 600-03. Offers history and tourist information.

== See also ==
*[[Hesychasm]]
==External links==

*[http://www.athos.edo.gr Welcome to site "Mount Athos"] - "Mount Athos" site ''(in Greek).''
*[http://travel.diavlos.gr/halkidiki/halkagio.html The Official Web Server of Mount Athos]'' (in English)''
*[http://www.inathos.gr Welcome to Mount Athos] - The main web pages about Mount Athos.'' (in English and Greek)''
*[http://www.latkovic.de/Athos.html Pictures from Athos]
*[http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Athos/index.html Mount Athos: The Holy Mountain] - History, culture, geography and visiting information. ''(in English)''
*[http://athos.jassas.net/ The Holy Mount Athos] - Information about the Theocratic Monk's Republic.'' (in English, German and Greek)''
*[http://www.diatheke.org/Athos/index.htm Agion Oros] - Mount Athos history, monastic life and organisation, impressions from a pilgrimage and more ''(in English)''
*[http://mountathos.in-chalkidiki.com/ Mount Athos in Chalkidiki] ''(in English)''
*[http://www.culture.gr/2/21/maps/macedon/ag_oros/ag_oros.html Map of the Mount Athos] ''(in English)''
*[http://abacus.bates.edu/~rallison/friends The Friends of Mount Athos] ''(in English, Visa information)''
*[http://www.greecetravel.com/thessaloniki/athos.html Greece Travel: Mount Athos]'' (in English)''
*[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Greece/Regions/Mount_Athos/ Open Directory Project: Athos] - Links about the monastic republic. ''(in English)''
*[http://www.patriarchate.org Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople] - The spiritual head of the monkastic republic.'' (in English)''
*[http://www.ortodoksi.net/tietopankki/luostarit/athos/exhibition_en.htm Athos - Monastic life on the Holy Mountain (exhibition)] ''(in English and other languages)''
*[http://abacus.bates.edu/~rallison/friends/ The Friends of Mount Athos]
*[http://www.halkidiki-online.gr] Information for Mount athos
*[http://athos.freeservers.com/zivot/zivot.html The Life of the Monks on Athos]

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Mountains of Greece|Athos, Mount]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Greece]]

Vatopedi

2010-07-11T00:46:48Z

Peeperman:

'''The Holy and Great Monastery of Vatopedi''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Βατοπέδι) on the [[Mount Athos]], was built during the second half of the 10th century, by three monks, Athanasius, Nicholas, and Antonius from [[Adrianople]], who were the pupils of [[Athanasius the Athonite]]. A legendary tradition says that its construction was ordered in the 4th century by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Arcadius]] to honour the miraculous salvation by the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] of his son from a shipwreck. The child is said to have been found in a brier bush -- hence ''vatos - βάτος'' "brier" and ''paidi - παιδί'' "child".

From then onwards several buildings have been constructed, most of them were built during the Byzantine period and during the 18th and 19th centuries when the monastery reached its highest peak.

About 100 monks live in the monastery today, where extensive construction projects are underway to restore the larger buildings.

The monastery is open for public view. A special permit from the monastery is required aside the one to enter Agion Oros.

==Sketes attached to Vatopedi==
The following large [[Skete]]s are attached to Vatopedi: the Skete of [[Saint Andrew]] in [[Karyes (Athos)|Karyes]] and the Skete of [[Saint Demetrius|Saint Dmitri]] near the main monastery. Other smaller sketes are also attached to the monastery.

==Main buildings within the walls of the monastery==

*The [[Katholikon]] (primary church), dedicated to the [[Annunciation]] of the [[Theotokos]] (Virgin Mary)
*The Refectory, or trapeza
*The Byzantine period clock tower
*The 10th century NE tower which now houses the monastery's library

==Treasures held within the monastery==
The Monastery of Vatopedi holds a belt held by believers to be the actual belt of the Theotokos, which she wore on earth and gave to [[Thomas the Apostle]] after her death and during her [[Dormition|transition to heaven]]. The silver and jewel-encrusted reliquary containing the skull of St [[John Chrysostom]] is kept in the Monastery and is credited by Eastern Orthodox Christians with miraculous healings. The monastery also contains the ''Iaspis'', a chalice fashioned of a single piece of the precious stone jasper and numerous [[icons]].

Vatopedi's library preserves a medieval royal charter, the 13th-century ''Vatopedi Charter'' of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria dedicated to the monastery. It was discovered in the monastery's archives in 1929.

The library holds 2,000 manuscripts and 35,000 printed books. Among its manuscripts are Uncial 063 and Uncial 0102.

== Land deal controversy ==

In September [[2008]], the monastery was implicated in a real estate scandal. The monastery traded low-value land for high-value state property in a deal with the [[New Democracy]] government of Prime Minister [[Kostas Karamanlis]]. The cost to the state is believed to have been at least €100 million; after the story became public, the government cancelled the land deals and two ministers resigned. Additionally, [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] voted unanimously to set up a commission to investigate the deal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7686934.stm Greek minister quits over scandal], BBC</ref>
<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24543040-5012749,00.html Greek MPs vote to investigate Vatopedi monastery land deal], ''Herald Sun''</ref>

==Miracle-working icons within the monastery==

There are four icons of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] considered to be miracle-working: Elaiovrytissa, Ktetorissa (Vimatarissa), Esphagmeni, and Paramythia.[http://xoomer.alice.it/giovanni.fabriani/icone/testi/theotokos_1.htm]

== External links ==
* [http://www.mountathos.gr/active.aspx?mode=en{bd411147-5023-4059-9fe0-465e1657a77a}View Vatopedi at the Mount Athos website]

==References==
<references/>

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:monasteries]]
[[Category:Mount Athos Monasteries]]

Crown Prince Pavlos

2009-11-10T13:32:19Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece.jpg|thumb|Crown Prince Pavlos]]
'''Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, Prince of Denmark''' is the eldest son of former [[King Constantine II]], who reigned from [[1964]] to [[1973]]. If Constantine is ever restored to the throne Pavlos would be his heir apparent. If no restoration occurs, following Constantine's death Pavlos with become the pretender to the defunct Greek throne.

By royal descent, he is a member of the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]] line of the [[House of Oldenburg]]. His family has adopted on occasion de Grecia (of Greece) as a surname. His titles, Crown Prince of Greece and Duke of Sparta, although used as courtesy titles among European royalty and in the media generally, are not recognized in the Hellenic Republic, which abolished the monarchy in [[1974]]. Since reaching adulthood, he has lived in New York City and in London and has worked as an investment consultant.

== Early life ==
Prince Pavlos was born on [[May 20]], [[1967]] in [[Athens]], to King Constantine II of Greece and [[Queen Anna Maria]], by birth a Princess of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and sister to Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. By Greek tradition, he was named for his father’s father, [[King Paul]] (Pavlos) of the Hellenes. His older sister, [[Princess Alexia]], had been born two years earlier, in [[1965]]. Prince Pavlos was baptized into the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]], with Charles, Prince of Wales (King Constantine’s second cousin), as one of his godparents.

=== Military coup of 1967 ===

Prince Pavlos was born into a turbulent era in Greek politics. His father, King Constantine II, had acceded to the throne on [[March 6]], [[1964]], at the age of 23, following the death of his father, King Paul. In July [[1965]], following a conflict with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] over control of the armed forces, King Constantine dismissed Papandreou. The effect was to destabilize the political balance which had been achieved within the country. There followed within the next 22 months, a succession of unstable coalition governments, strikes, and loss of confidence by foreign investors. The term ''[[Apostasia of 1965|July Apostates]]'' refers to the group of [[Georgios Papandreou]]'s dissidents, led by the politician [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]], then also member of the [[Center Union]], who crossed the floor to bring about the fall of the Greek government and its replacement by a government favourable to the King.

On [[April 21]], 1967, just a month prior to Prince Pavlos’s birth, a military coup occurred, in which a group of colonels seized control of the government. The King decided to co-operate with the dictators and was persuaded to swear the new regime in only when the junta agreed to include a number of civilian politicians, with a royalist nominee, [[Konstantinos Kollias]], as Prime Minister. In the months following the coup, the junta continued to acknowledge King Constantine as head of state, although the king had very little actual power.

As 1967 drew to a close, the [[Junta|"Regime of the Colonels"]], led by Colonel [[George Papadopoulos]], was increasingly characterized by suppression of civil liberties, along with imprisonment or exile of opponents. On [[December 13]] of that year, King Constantine attempted a counter-coup, but could not rally sufficient military support. The King fled with his wife and children to Rome. Prince Pavlos’s younger brother [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark|Prince Nikolaos]], was born in Rome in [[1969]].

=== Abolition of the monarchy ===
During the years [[1964]]-[[1972]], Greece remained officially a monarchy, with a regency appointed in the absence of the king. Beginning in [[1973]], when Prince Pavlos was six years old, a series of rapid changes occurred in the government of Greece. In November, following the government’s harsh suppression of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]], Papadopoulos was ousted from office by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannides]].

The following summer, Ioannides attempted a coup in [[Cyprus]], which triggered the invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus by Turkish troops. Amidst fears of war with Turkey, the junta agreed to resign, and invited former Prime Minister [[Constantine Karamanlis]] to establish a civilian government. General elections were held in Nov 1974, resulting in a victory for Karamanlis and his [[New Democracy|New Democratic]] (ND) party. A referendum was called in December, in which the Greek people voted for a republican constitution (69%), over against the restoration of the monarchy (31%). Greek Prime Minister (under both [[King Paul]] and the Republic, as well as future President of the [[Hellenic Republic]]) [[Constantine Karamanlis]] in his radio address in the evening of December 8, 1974, as the polling returns became knownby declared that "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation".

King Constantine accepted that his reign was at an end. He and Queen Anne Marie settled with their family in London. Prince Pavlos’s youngest siblings were born in London, [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark|Princess Theodora]] in [[1983]], and [[Philippos of Greece|Prince Philippos]] in [[1986]].

== Education ==
Pavlos was educated in London at the Greek school, the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West in New Mexico, USA and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After completing these he studied at Georgetown, where he was roommates with his cousin, Crown Prince Felipe of Spain.

== Marriage and issue ==
Crown Prince Pavlos married American heiress Marie-Chantal Miller now styled as '''Her Royal Highness Marie-Chantal, The Crown Princess Pavlos of Greece, Princess of Denmark''' on [[July 1]], [[1995]]. After their marriage, the couple resided in New York City, where he worked as an investment consultant. Their children are:
* Maria Olympia, born [[July 25]], [[1996]] in New York City
* Konstantinos-Alexios (Named after his grandfather), born [[October 29]], [[1998]] in New York City
* Achilleas Andreas, born [[August 12]], [[2000]] in New York City
* Odysseas Kimon, born [[September 17]] [[2004]] in London

==References==
* Hindley, Geoffrey The Royal Families of Europe New York Caroll & Graf 2000 id=ISBN 0-7867-0828-X
* Miroslav Marek Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg url=http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/oldenburg/oldenburg7.html#G1 June 30, 2005
* Woodhouse, C.M. Modern Greece a Short History London Faber & Faber 1998 ISBN 0-571-19794-9
* Γιάννης Κάτρης Η γέννηση του νεοφασισμού στην Ελλάδα 1960-1970, Athens, Παπαζήση (1974)
* Αλέξης Παπαχελάς Ο βιασμός της ελληνικής δημοκρατίας, Athens (1997) ISBN 960-05-0748-1

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:1967 births|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]

King Constantine I

2009-11-10T13:28:37Z

Peeperman: /* External link */

[[Image:King.Constantine.A.jpg|thumb|250px|King Constantine I]]
'''Constantine I, King of the Hellenes''' ([[August 2]], [[1868]] - [[January 11]], [[1923]]), ruled [[Greece]] from [[1913]]-[[1917]] and from [[1920]]-[[1922]].

Born [[August 2]], [[1868]] in [[Athens]], he was the eldest son of [[King George I]] and [[Queen Olga]] of Greece.

As crown prince, Constantine was instrumental in the organization of the [[1896 Summer Olympics]], appointing a committee to prepare Athens for the Games and keeping a close watch to ensure that their tasks were completed.

He succeeded to the throne of Greece on [[March 18]], [[1913]] following his father's assassination in [[Salonika]].

Prior to the start of [[World War I]] in 1914 Constantine, as Crown Prince, led the Greek forces during the successful [[Balkan Wars|Balkan Wars of 1912-1913]].

Having been educated in Germany, having served in the Prussian army and married to Kaiser Wilhelm II's sister, [[Queen Sophie|Sophie]] (in [[1889]]), Constantine's sympathies lay more towards the Central Powers than to the [[Triple Entente]] once war broke out.

Constantine was faced with the difficulty of determining officially where Greece's support lay once war was underway. This was complicated by the fact that his government, led by [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], was pro-Allied and the fact that the Entente Powers were in possession of naval dominance of the [[Mediterranean]].

Constantine's sympathies emerged during the Allies' disastrous [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. Despite popular support of [[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] amongst the people, Constantine dismissed Venizelos as [[Prime Minister]] in [[October]] [[1915]] due to his increasing support for the Allies, and in his stead placed a succession of puppet premiers, all swayed by the King. [[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] retired to [[Thessalonica]] where with the support of the Allies he established a provisional revolutionary government, much to Constantine's dissatisfaction. With civil war apparently imminent in [[1916]] Constantine sought, from Germany, firm promises of naval, military and economic assistance - without success.

He left Greece on [[June 11]], [[1917]] as he had to abdicate because of his pro-German sentiments and was succeeded to the throne by his second son [[King Alexander|Alexander]] as acting King. He went into exile to Switzerland. Alexander died on [[October 25]], [[1920]] and, following a plebiscite, Constantine returned as king on [[December 19]], [[1920]]. He abdicated the throne again on [[September 27]], [[1922]], following Greek military defeats against the Turks in [[Anatolia]] and [[Smyrna]] and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[King George II|George II]].

He spent the rest of his life in exile in Italy and died in [[1923]] at Palermo, Sicily.

===Issue===
He married, on [[October 27]], [[1889]] in Athens, Princess [[Queen Sophie|Sophie of Prussia]] ([[1870]]-[[1932]]).
They were the parents of:
*[[King George II|George II, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1890]]-[[1947]])
*[[King Alexander|Alexander I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1893]]-[[1920]])
*[[Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark]] ([[1896]]-[[1982]]), who married King Carol II of Romania
*[[Paul of Greece|Paul I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1901]]-[[1964]])
*[[Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]] ([[1904]]-[[1974]]), who married Aimone of Savoy, the 4th Duke of Aosta.
*[[Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark]] (born [[1913]]), who married Richard Brandram

==External link==
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/greece_constantineabdication.htm Abdication speech of 1917]

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{{succession box | before=[[King George I|George I]]| title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] King of the Hellenes | years=[[1913]]–[[1917]] First Reign| after=[[King Alexander|Alexander]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[ King Alexander|Alexander]]| title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] King of the Hellenes | years=[[1920]]–[[1922]] Second Reign| after=[[King George II |George II]]}}
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[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Constantine I]]

King George II

2009-11-10T13:28:23Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King.George.B.jpg|thumb|250px|King George II]]

'''George II''' ([[July 20]], [[1890]] - [[April 1]], [[1947]]), [[King of the Hellenes]] ([[Greece]]) ruled from [[1922]]-[[1924]] and [[1935]]-[[1947]].

George II was born at [[Tatoi]], near [[Athens]], the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[August 2]] [[1868]] - [[January 11]] [[1923]]) and his wife, [[Queen Sophie]] ([[June 14]] [[1870]] - [[January 13]] [[1932]]).

He married, on [[February 27]] [[1921]] at Bucharest, [[Princess Elisabeth of Romania]] ([[ October 12]] [[1894]] - [[November 14]] [[1956]]), daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania and Princess Marie of Edinburgh. They had no children, and were divorced on [[July 6]], [[1935]].

He succeeded to the Greek throne on his father's abdication, [[September 27]], [[1922]]. In late [[1923]] he was asked by the government to leave Greece "on leave" while the National Assembly considered the question of the future form of government. He complied and left for an exile to Romania, later living in Great Britain. He was officially deposed when a republic was proclaimed on [[March 25]], [[1924]]. He was restored to the throne, [[November 3]] [[1935]], but again left Greece following the German invasion, [[April 23]], [[1941]]. This time he went into exile to Great Britain. He was recalled to the throne [[September 28]], [[1946]].

George II died of a sudden heart attack in the Royal Palace in Athens on [[April 1]], [[1947]].

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{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]|after=Republic''' ([[Pavlos Kountouriotis]], Provisional Head of State)|years=1922–1924}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=Republic''' ([[Alexandros Zaimis]], President)|after=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|years=1935–1947}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:1890 births|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:1947 deaths|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|George II]]

King Alexander

2009-11-10T13:28:08Z

Peeperman:

The second-born son of [[King Constantine I]], was born on [[August 1]], [[1893]] at [[Tatoi]] and reigned from [[1917]], when his father and elder brother - later [[King George II]] of Greece - were forced into exile, until [[October 25]], [[1920]] when he died from gangrene acquired as the result of a monkey's bite.
His reign coincided with the Greek occupation of [[Asia Minor]] following the [[World War I|first World War]]. The young monarch became popular with his army by visiting Asia Minor despite advice to the contrary. He also reconciled with PM [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] whom his father vehemently opposed.

King Alexander was married on [[November 17]], [[1919]], in [[Athens]], in total secrecy, to [[Aspasia Manou]] ([[1896]] - [[1972]]), a commoner. The marriage was not revealed to the public until late [[1920]] - after his death - though the relationship caused a scandal in [[1919]], forcing the couple into temporary exile. Their only child, [[Alexandra of Greece]], was born after his death. She later married King Peter II of Yugoslavia.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[King Constantine I]]| title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] King of the Hellenes| years=[[1917]]–[[1920]]| after=[[King Constantine I]]}}
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[[Category:Greek monarchs|Alexander]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Alexander]]
[[Category:Greek heads of state|Alexander]]
[[Category:1893 births|Alexander]]
[[Category:1920 deaths|Alexander]]

King Constantine II

2009-11-10T13:27:35Z

Peeperman:

{| {{prettyinfobox}}
|colspan=3 align=center|[[image:olympic-rings.png|center|80px]]
|- align=center
|bgcolor="gold"| Gold|| [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]|| Sailing (Dragon class)
|}
[[Image:King_Constantine_II_342.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Constantine II in 2005]]
[[Image:Constantine-annemarie-01.jpg|thumb|300px|In [[1964]] [[King Constantine II]] married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark.]]
[[Image:Constantin30.jpg|thumb|300px|[[King Constantine II]] and Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne Marie]]
]]
'''Constantine II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Κωνσταντίνος Β'''', born [[June 2]], [[1940]]), was the last [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]] from [[March 6]], [[1964]] to [[June 1]], [[1973]]. His official title was '''King of the Hellenes''' ('''Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''').

He was a son of [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]. At the age of 20 he competed in the [[1960]] Olympics in Rome representing [[Greece]] and won a Gold medal in sailing (Gold Dragon Class) with a crew consisting of [[Odysseas Eskitzoglou]] and [[Giorgos Zaimis]].

=== Rule ===

Constantine began his reign in the midst of the [[Cyprus]] troubles of [[1963]] - [[1964]]. His subjects always suspected that he was being ruled by his strong-willed, unpopular mother [[Queen Frederika|Queen Mother Frederika]]. As king, Constantine had a turbulent relationship with his prime minister, [[Georgios Papandreou]], a [[Centre Union|centrist]]. Papandreou's resignation in the Summer of [[1965]], after a clash with Constantine over control of the military, led to demonstrations, governments that failed to get a vote of confidence and turmoil in the country that culminated in a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. On [[December 13]] of that year, Constantine and his family fled to Rome, Italy, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the ruling [[junta]].

=== Abolition of the Monarchy ===
[[Image:475-5.jpg|thumb|150px|[[1967]] issue of Time Magazine featuring [[King Constantine II|King Constantine]]]]
The monarchy continued in his absence under regents. In [[1973]], the military regime abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. In 1974, the new democratic regime under [[Constantine Karamanlis]] held a second democratic referendum, which confirmed the monarchy's abolition, with the monarchy receiving only one third of all votes cast. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] who had just won a resounding victory (54% of the vote in a general election) had formally declared his neutrality in the referendum, although he was rumoured to be against the monarchy. However, many voters of his party were traditionally in favour the monarchy and it is certain that those who voted for the monarchy had previously voted for Karamanlis. All other parties represented in Parliament had declared for a republic. Both the centrists and the left of centre [[PASOK]], who considered themselves heirs of the Venizelist tradition, as well as the communist left, were historically against the monarchy. Constantine's personality, the way he had first sworn in the junta government, in 1967, before organising an entirely unscuccesful and somewhat comical counter-coup against them later in that year, and his reluctance to sever all ties with the junta once in exile, did not help the monarchy either. In addition, the opposition collectively blamed Constantine II for the serious political crisis that had led to the coup in the first place.

=== After the abolition ===

Constantine was not formally exiled nor stripped of his property or citizenship after the referendum. Still, it seems he was formally discouraged from visiting Greece as he did so only once, very briefly, in February [[1981]] for the funeral of his mother, Queen Frederika. There were also legal disputes with the Greek state, since Constantine was unable or unwilling to pay the heavy taxes on his property in Greece. In the early 1990s Constantine started appearing more in the newly created private television channels and thus became more "visible" in Greece. In 1992 he concluded an agreement with the government under [[Constantine Mitsotakis]] ceding most of his land in Greece to a non-profit foundation in exchange for the former palace of [[Tatoi]] and the right to export a large number of movables from Greece. In 1993 he attempted a first visit to Greece which however did not end well as the government, irritated by his "tour" around Greece and by increasingly loud protests from the opposition, asked him to leave. In 1994, the government of [[PASOK]] which had by then succeeded Mitsotakis passed new legislation reversing the 1992 "deal" and stripping Constantine of his property in Greece and his Greek citizenship.

Constantine has since sued Greece before the European Court of Human Rights, claiming ownership of lands worth in excess of €550 million. He only partially won, receiving only €4 million for the lost property. The Greek government paid this sum (out of the "disasters of nature" budget, as a means of making a public statement), but was not obligated by the court decision to return any lands.

A law stating that Constantine cannot be granted a Greek passport unless he signs a formal declaration recognising the Republic still remains in force. Constantine refuses to comply considering such a treatment humiliating. However, he now travels in and out of Greece without problems, on a Danish passport (as "Constantine DeGrecia"), and has done so several times in the past few years. Because of the Schengen agreements the Greek government cannot refuse him entry.

=== Public Opinion ===

As a young prince, Constantine was a popular socialite, gaining popularity for his athletic achievements (including his Olympic medal), and his tendency to mix with other Athenians at social functions and athletic events. According to some sources, his rise to the throne was widely welcomed by the population who had hoped that he would lead the country to a more modern and more open period. The young king instead chose to continue the ways of his father, a fact blamed by many to the influence of his mother, Frederika.

To this day, many Greek people and most Greek politicians blame Constantine II for the chaos that had led to the 1967 coup. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] dismissively described Constantine as ''Paul's naughty little boy''. Karamanlis was also scathing in his radio address in the evening of [[December 8]], 1974, as the polling returns became known. "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation" he declared, succinctly epitomising the public mood.

In more recent years, his legal battles again the Greek state became the fodder of bad publicity. His family's insistence on using royal titles is frequently mocked in the press, where he is most frequently referred to simply as "o teos" ("the former").

=== Family ===

In [[1964]] King Constantine married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark, and sister of the current Danish Queen, Margrethe II. His heir, should the throne ever be restored, is [[Crown Prince Pavlos]]. Constantine II's sister, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]], is married to King Juan Carlos of Spain.

Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie live in exile in London, England , where the exiled monarch is a close friend of The Prince of Wales and a godfather to Prince William of Wales.

Children:
*[[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[July 10|10 July]] [[1965]] at Mon Repos, [[Corfu]], [[Greece]]. She was married on [[July 9|9 July]] [[1999]] in London, England to Carlos Morales Quintana who was born on [[December 31]] [[1970]] at Lanzarote, Spain.
**Their Children:
***Arrietta Morales y de Grecia, born on [[24 February]] [[2002]] in Barcelona.
***Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia, born on [[15 May]] [[2003]] in Barcelona.
***Carlos Morales y de Grecia, born on [[30 July]] [[2005]] in Barcelona.
*[[Crown Prince Pavlos]], Prince of Denmark, born on [[May 20|20 May]] [[1967]] at [[Tatoi|Tatoi Palace]] in Athens, Greece. He was married on [[July 1|1 July]] [[1995]] in London, England to Marie-Chantal Miller, who was thereafter Crown Princess Pavlos. She was born on [[September 17|17 September]] [[1968]] in London, England.
**Their Children:
***Maria-Olympia, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[July 25|25 July]] [[1996]] in New York City, USA.
***Constantin-Alexios, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 29|29 October]] [[1998]] in New York City, USA.
***Achileas Andrea, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[August 12|12 August]] [[2000]] in New York City, USA.
***Odyseus Kimon, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[September 17]], [[2004]] in London.
*Nikolaos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 1|1 October]] [[1969]] in Rome, Italy.
*Theodora, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[June 9|9 June]] [[1983]] in London, England.
*Philippos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[April 26|26 April]] [[1986]] in London, England.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|after=[[Junta|Military Junta]]''' ([[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President)|years=1964–1973}}
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[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Olympic Gold Medalists]]
[[Category:Sailers (Sports)]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Constantine II]]

King Paul

2009-11-10T13:27:06Z

Peeperman: /* Family */

[[Image:King Paul of Greece.png|200px|thumb|left|King Paul of Greece]]
'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy.

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederica|Frederica of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|31px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

File:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png

2009-11-10T13:26:37Z

Peeperman: uploaded a new version of "Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png"

The Coat of Arms of the Glücksburg Dynasty of Greece.

Crown Prince Pavlos

2009-11-10T13:24:37Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece.jpg|thumb|Crown Prince Pavlos in 2000's]]
'''Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, Prince of Denmark''' is the eldest son of former [[King Constantine II]], who reigned from [[1964]] to [[1973]]. If Constantine is ever restored to the throne Pavlos would be his heir apparent. If no restoration occurs, following Constantine's death Pavlos with become the pretender to the defunct Greek throne.

By royal descent, he is a member of the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]] line of the [[House of Oldenburg]]. His family has adopted on occasion de Grecia (of Greece) as a surname. His titles, Crown Prince of Greece and Duke of Sparta, although used as courtesy titles among European royalty and in the media generally, are not recognized in the Hellenic Republic, which abolished the monarchy in [[1974]]. Since reaching adulthood, he has lived in New York City and in London and has worked as an investment consultant.

== Early life ==
Prince Pavlos was born on [[May 20]], [[1967]] in [[Athens]], to King Constantine II of Greece and [[Queen Anna Maria]], by birth a Princess of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and sister to Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. By Greek tradition, he was named for his father’s father, [[King Paul]] (Pavlos) of the Hellenes. His older sister, [[Princess Alexia]], had been born two years earlier, in [[1965]]. Prince Pavlos was baptized into the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]], with Charles, Prince of Wales (King Constantine’s second cousin), as one of his godparents.

=== Military coup of 1967 ===

Prince Pavlos was born into a turbulent era in Greek politics. His father, King Constantine II, had acceded to the throne on [[March 6]], [[1964]], at the age of 23, following the death of his father, King Paul. In July [[1965]], following a conflict with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] over control of the armed forces, King Constantine dismissed Papandreou. The effect was to destabilize the political balance which had been achieved within the country. There followed within the next 22 months, a succession of unstable coalition governments, strikes, and loss of confidence by foreign investors. The term ''[[Apostasia of 1965|July Apostates]]'' refers to the group of [[Georgios Papandreou]]'s dissidents, led by the politician [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]], then also member of the [[Center Union]], who crossed the floor to bring about the fall of the Greek government and its replacement by a government favourable to the King.

On [[April 21]], 1967, just a month prior to Prince Pavlos’s birth, a military coup occurred, in which a group of colonels seized control of the government. The King decided to co-operate with the dictators and was persuaded to swear the new regime in only when the junta agreed to include a number of civilian politicians, with a royalist nominee, [[Konstantinos Kollias]], as Prime Minister. In the months following the coup, the junta continued to acknowledge King Constantine as head of state, although the king had very little actual power.

As 1967 drew to a close, the [[Junta|"Regime of the Colonels"]], led by Colonel [[George Papadopoulos]], was increasingly characterized by suppression of civil liberties, along with imprisonment or exile of opponents. On [[December 13]] of that year, King Constantine attempted a counter-coup, but could not rally sufficient military support. The King fled with his wife and children to Rome. Prince Pavlos’s younger brother [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark|Prince Nikolaos]], was born in Rome in [[1969]].

=== Abolition of the monarchy ===
During the years [[1964]]-[[1972]], Greece remained officially a monarchy, with a regency appointed in the absence of the king. Beginning in [[1973]], when Prince Pavlos was six years old, a series of rapid changes occurred in the government of Greece. In November, following the government’s harsh suppression of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]], Papadopoulos was ousted from office by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannides]].

The following summer, Ioannides attempted a coup in [[Cyprus]], which triggered the invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus by Turkish troops. Amidst fears of war with Turkey, the junta agreed to resign, and invited former Prime Minister [[Constantine Karamanlis]] to establish a civilian government. General elections were held in Nov 1974, resulting in a victory for Karamanlis and his [[New Democracy|New Democratic]] (ND) party. A referendum was called in December, in which the Greek people voted for a republican constitution (69%), over against the restoration of the monarchy (31%). Greek Prime Minister (under both [[King Paul]] and the Republic, as well as future President of the [[Hellenic Republic]]) [[Constantine Karamanlis]] in his radio address in the evening of December 8, 1974, as the polling returns became knownby declared that "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation".

King Constantine accepted that his reign was at an end. He and Queen Anne Marie settled with their family in London. Prince Pavlos’s youngest siblings were born in London, [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark|Princess Theodora]] in [[1983]], and [[Philippos of Greece|Prince Philippos]] in [[1986]].

== Education ==
Pavlos was educated in London at the Greek school, the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West in New Mexico, USA and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After completing these he studied at Georgetown, where he was roommates with his cousin, Crown Prince Felipe of Spain.

== Marriage and issue ==
Crown Prince Pavlos married American heiress Marie-Chantal Miller now styled as '''Her Royal Highness Marie-Chantal, The Crown Princess Pavlos of Greece, Princess of Denmark''' on [[July 1]], [[1995]]. After their marriage, the couple resided in New York City, where he worked as an investment consultant. Their children are:
* Maria Olympia, born [[July 25]], [[1996]] in New York City
* Konstantinos-Alexios (Named after his grandfather), born [[October 29]], [[1998]] in New York City
* Achilleas Andreas, born [[August 12]], [[2000]] in New York City
* Odysseas Kimon, born [[September 17]] [[2004]] in London

==References==
* Hindley, Geoffrey The Royal Families of Europe New York Caroll & Graf 2000 id=ISBN 0-7867-0828-X
* Miroslav Marek Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg url=http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/oldenburg/oldenburg7.html#G1 June 30, 2005
* Woodhouse, C.M. Modern Greece a Short History London Faber & Faber 1998 ISBN 0-571-19794-9
* Γιάννης Κάτρης Η γέννηση του νεοφασισμού στην Ελλάδα 1960-1970, Athens, Παπαζήση (1974)
* Αλέξης Παπαχελάς Ο βιασμός της ελληνικής δημοκρατίας, Athens (1997) ISBN 960-05-0748-1

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:1967 births|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]

File:Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece.jpg

2009-11-10T13:23:55Z

Peeperman:

Irene of Greece

2008-10-01T01:05:17Z

Peeperman:

'''Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark''' (born [[May 11]], [[1942]]) is the youngest child of King [[Paul of Greece]] and his wife [[Queen Frederika]]. She is the younger sister of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]] and of deposed [[King Constantine II]] of [[Greece]]. She is officially styled in Spain and Denmark as '''Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark'''.

She was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on [[May 11]], [[1942]]. She was a pupil of concert pianist [[Gina Bachauer]] and, for a while, she was a professional concert pianist herself. After her brother was dethroned, she moved to India with her mother. Since her mother's death, Princess Irene has lived in Spain in an apartment at the La Zarzuela Palace in Madrid, the royal residence of the King and Queen of Spain. Her niece, Infanta Cristina of Spain, named her daughter Irene (born in [[2005]]) after her.

Princess Irene has never married though she is believed to have had a long time relationship with a married Greek man, close to her brother Constantine. The late King Olav V of Norway had hoped that his son, now King Harald V, would marry her and make her Queen of Norway. However, King Harald
desired to marry Sonja Haraldsen (now Queen Sonja). It is said that Princess Irene learned to speak fluent Norwegian due to this projected future role as Queen of Norway.

She is the founder and president of the World in Harmony Foundation (Fundación Mundo en Armonía) and also collaborates with other benefic foundations and cultural activities.

Princess Irene is 426th in the line of succession to the British throne.

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:1942 births|Irene of Greece and Denmark]]
[[Category:Princesses|Irene of Greece and Denmark]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Irene of Greece and Denmark]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Irene]]

Paul of Greece

2008-10-01T01:03:29Z

Peeperman: Paul of Greece moved to King Paul over redirect

#REDIRECT [[King Paul]]

King Paul

2008-10-01T01:03:29Z

Peeperman: Paul of Greece moved to King Paul over redirect

[[Image:King Paul of Greece.png|200px|thumb|left|King Paul of Greece]]
'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy.

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederica|Frederica of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

King Constantine II

2008-10-01T01:01:23Z

Peeperman:

{| {{prettyinfobox}}
|colspan=3 align=center|[[image:olympic-rings.png|center|80px]]
|- align=center
|bgcolor="gold"| Gold|| [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]|| Sailing (Dragon class)
|}
[[Image:King_Constantine_II_342.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Constantine II in 2005]]
[[Image:Constantine-annemarie-01.jpg|thumb|300px|In [[1964]] [[King Constantine II]] married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark.]]
[[Image:Constantin30.jpg|thumb|300px|[[King Constantine II]] and Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne Marie]]
]]
'''Constantine II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Κωνσταντίνος Β'''', born [[June 2]], [[1940]]), was the last [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]] from [[March 6]], [[1964]] to [[June 1]], [[1973]]. His official title was '''King of the Hellenes''' ('''Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''').

He was a son of [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]. At the age of 20 he competed in the [[1960]] Olympics in Rome representing [[Greece]] and won a Gold medal in sailing (Gold Dragon Class) with a crew consisting of [[Odysseas Eskitzoglou]] and [[Giorgos Zaimis]].

=== Rule ===

Constantine began his reign in the midst of the [[Cyprus]] troubles of [[1963]] - [[1964]]. His subjects always suspected that he was being ruled by his strong-willed, unpopular mother [[Queen Frederika|Queen Mother Frederika]]. As king, Constantine had a turbulent relationship with his prime minister, [[Georgios Papandreou]], a [[Centre Union|centrist]]. Papandreou's resignation in the Summer of [[1965]], after a clash with Constantine over control of the military, led to demonstrations, governments that failed to get a vote of confidence and turmoil in the country that culminated in a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. On [[December 13]] of that year, Constantine and his family fled to Rome, Italy, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the ruling [[junta]].

=== Abolition of the Monarchy ===
[[Image:475-5.jpg|thumb|150px|[[1967]] issue of Time Magazine featuring [[King Constantine II|King Constantine]]]]
The monarchy continued in his absence under regents. In [[1973]], the military regime abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. In 1974, the new democratic regime under [[Constantine Karamanlis]] held a second democratic referendum, which confirmed the monarchy's abolition, with the monarchy receiving only one third of all votes cast. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] who had just won a resounding victory (54% of the vote in a general election) had formally declared his neutrality in the referendum, although he was rumoured to be against the monarchy. However, many voters of his party were traditionally in favour the monarchy and it is certain that those who voted for the monarchy had previously voted for Karamanlis. All other parties represented in Parliament had declared for a republic. Both the centrists and the left of centre [[PASOK]], who considered themselves heirs of the Venizelist tradition, as well as the communist left, were historically against the monarchy. Constantine's personality, the way he had first sworn in the junta government, in 1967, before organising an entirely unscuccesful and somewhat comical counter-coup against them later in that year, and his reluctance to sever all ties with the junta once in exile, did not help the monarchy either. In addition, the opposition collectively blamed Constantine II for the serious political crisis that had led to the coup in the first place.

=== After the abolition ===

Constantine was not formally exiled nor stripped of his property or citizenship after the referendum. Still, it seems he was formally discouraged from visiting Greece as he did so only once, very briefly, in February [[1981]] for the funeral of his mother, Queen Frederika. There were also legal disputes with the Greek state, since Constantine was unable or unwilling to pay the heavy taxes on his property in Greece. In the early 1990s Constantine started appearing more in the newly created private television channels and thus became more "visible" in Greece. In 1992 he concluded an agreement with the government under [[Constantine Mitsotakis]] ceding most of his land in Greece to a non-profit foundation in exchange for the former palace of [[Tatoi]] and the right to export a large number of movables from Greece. In 1993 he attempted a first visit to Greece which however did not end well as the government, irritated by his "tour" around Greece and by increasingly loud protests from the opposition, asked him to leave. In 1994, the government of [[PASOK]] which had by then succeeded Mitsotakis passed new legislation reversing the 1992 "deal" and stripping Constantine of his property in Greece and his Greek citizenship.

Constantine has since sued Greece before the European Court of Human Rights, claiming ownership of lands worth in excess of €550 million. He only partially won, receiving only €4 million for the lost property. The Greek government paid this sum (out of the "disasters of nature" budget, as a means of making a public statement), but was not obligated by the court decision to return any lands.

A law stating that Constantine cannot be granted a Greek passport unless he signs a formal declaration recognising the Republic still remains in force. Constantine refuses to comply considering such a treatment humiliating. However, he now travels in and out of Greece without problems, on a Danish passport (as "Constantine DeGrecia"), and has done so several times in the past few years. Because of the Schengen agreements the Greek government cannot refuse him entry.

=== Public Opinion ===

As a young prince, Constantine was a popular socialite, gaining popularity for his athletic achievements (including his Olympic medal), and his tendency to mix with other Athenians at social functions and athletic events. According to some sources, his rise to the throne was widely welcomed by the population who had hoped that he would lead the country to a more modern and more open period. The young king instead chose to continue the ways of his father, a fact blamed by many to the influence of his mother, Frederika.

To this day, many Greek people and most Greek politicians blame Constantine II for the chaos that had led to the 1967 coup. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] dismissively described Constantine as ''Paul's naughty little boy''. Karamanlis was also scathing in his radio address in the evening of [[December 8]], 1974, as the polling returns became known. "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation" he declared, succinctly epitomising the public mood.

In more recent years, his legal battles again the Greek state became the fodder of bad publicity. His family's insistence on using royal titles is frequently mocked in the press, where he is most frequently referred to simply as "o teos" ("the former").

=== Family ===

In [[1964]] King Constantine married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark, and sister of the current Danish Queen, Margrethe II. His heir, should the throne ever be restored, is [[Crown Prince Pavlos]]. Constantine II's sister, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]], is married to King Juan Carlos of Spain.

Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie live in exile in London, England , where the exiled monarch is a close friend of The Prince of Wales and a godfather to Prince William of Wales.

Children:
*[[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[July 10|10 July]] [[1965]] at Mon Repos, [[Corfu]], [[Greece]]. She was married on [[July 9|9 July]] [[1999]] in London, England to Carlos Morales Quintana who was born on [[December 31]] [[1970]] at Lanzarote, Spain.
**Their Children:
***Arrietta Morales y de Grecia, born on [[24 February]] [[2002]] in Barcelona.
***Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia, born on [[15 May]] [[2003]] in Barcelona.
***Carlos Morales y de Grecia, born on [[30 July]] [[2005]] in Barcelona.
*[[Crown Prince Pavlos]], Prince of Denmark, born on [[May 20|20 May]] [[1967]] at [[Tatoi|Tatoi Palace]] in Athens, Greece. He was married on [[July 1|1 July]] [[1995]] in London, England to Marie-Chantal Miller, who was thereafter Crown Princess Pavlos. She was born on [[September 17|17 September]] [[1968]] in London, England.
**Their Children:
***Maria-Olympia, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[July 25|25 July]] [[1996]] in New York City, USA.
***Constantin-Alexios, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 29|29 October]] [[1998]] in New York City, USA.
***Achileas Andrea, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[August 12|12 August]] [[2000]] in New York City, USA.
***Odyseus Kimon, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[September 17]], [[2004]] in London.
*Nikolaos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 1|1 October]] [[1969]] in Rome, Italy.
*Theodora, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[June 9|9 June]] [[1983]] in London, England.
*Philippos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[April 26|26 April]] [[1986]] in London, England.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|after=[[Junta|Military Junta]]''' ([[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President)|years=1964–1973}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Olympic Gold Medalists]]
[[Category:Sailers (Sports)]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Constantine II]]

King Constantine I

2008-10-01T01:00:28Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King.Constantine.A.jpg|thumb|250px|King Constantine I]]
'''Constantine I, King of the Hellenes''' ([[August 2]], [[1868]] - [[January 11]], [[1923]]), ruled [[Greece]] from [[1913]]-[[1917]] and from [[1920]]-[[1922]].

Born [[August 2]], [[1868]] in [[Athens]], he was the eldest son of [[King George I]] and [[Queen Olga]] of Greece.

As crown prince, Constantine was instrumental in the organization of the [[1896 Summer Olympics]], appointing a committee to prepare Athens for the Games and keeping a close watch to ensure that their tasks were completed.

He succeeded to the throne of Greece on [[March 18]], [[1913]] following his father's assassination in [[Salonika]].

Prior to the start of [[World War I]] in 1914 Constantine, as Crown Prince, led the Greek forces during the successful [[Balkan Wars|Balkan Wars of 1912-1913]].

Having been educated in Germany, having served in the Prussian army and married to Kaiser Wilhelm II's sister, [[Queen Sophie|Sophie]] (in [[1889]]), Constantine's sympathies lay more towards the Central Powers than to the [[Triple Entente]] once war broke out.

Constantine was faced with the difficulty of determining officially where Greece's support lay once war was underway. This was complicated by the fact that his government, led by [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], was pro-Allied and the fact that the Entente Powers were in possession of naval dominance of the [[Mediterranean]].

Constantine's sympathies emerged during the Allies' disastrous [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. Despite popular support of [[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] amongst the people, Constantine dismissed Venizelos as [[Prime Minister]] in [[October]] [[1915]] due to his increasing support for the Allies, and in his stead placed a succession of puppet premiers, all swayed by the King. [[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] retired to [[Thessalonica]] where with the support of the Allies he established a provisional revolutionary government, much to Constantine's dissatisfaction. With civil war apparently imminent in [[1916]] Constantine sought, from Germany, firm promises of naval, military and economic assistance - without success.

He left Greece on [[June 11]], [[1917]] as he had to abdicate because of his pro-German sentiments and was succeeded to the throne by his second son [[King Alexander|Alexander]] as acting King. He went into exile to Switzerland. Alexander died on [[October 25]], [[1920]] and, following a plebiscite, Constantine returned as king on [[December 19]], [[1920]]. He abdicated the throne again on [[September 27]], [[1922]], following Greek military defeats against the Turks in [[Anatolia]] and [[Smyrna]] and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[King George II|George II]].

He spent the rest of his life in exile in Italy and died in [[1923]] at Palermo, Sicily.

===Issue===
He married, on [[October 27]], [[1889]] in Athens, Princess [[Queen Sophie|Sophie of Prussia]] ([[1870]]-[[1932]]).
They were the parents of:
*[[King George II|George II, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1890]]-[[1947]])
*[[King Alexander|Alexander I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1893]]-[[1920]])
*[[Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark]] ([[1896]]-[[1982]]), who married King Carol II of Romania
*[[Paul of Greece|Paul I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[1901]]-[[1964]])
*[[Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]] ([[1904]]-[[1974]]), who married Aimone of Savoy, the 4th Duke of Aosta.
*[[Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark]] (born [[1913]]), who married Richard Brandram

==External link==
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/greece_constantineabdication.htm Abdication speech of 1917]

{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[King George I|George I]]| title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] King of the Hellenes | years=[[1913]]–[[1917]] First Reign| after=[[King Alexander|Alexander]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[ King Alexander|Alexander]]| title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] King of the Hellenes | years=[[1920]]–[[1922]] Second Reign| after=[[King George II |George II]]}}
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[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Constantine I]]

King George II

2008-10-01T00:59:39Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King.George.B.jpg|thumb|250px|King George II]]

'''George II''' ([[July 20]], [[1890]] - [[April 1]], [[1947]]), [[King of the Hellenes]] ([[Greece]]) ruled from [[1922]]-[[1924]] and [[1935]]-[[1947]].

George II was born at [[Tatoi]], near [[Athens]], the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I, King of the Hellenes]] ([[August 2]] [[1868]] - [[January 11]] [[1923]]) and his wife, [[Queen Sophie]] ([[June 14]] [[1870]] - [[January 13]] [[1932]]).

He married, on [[February 27]] [[1921]] at Bucharest, [[Princess Elisabeth of Romania]] ([[ October 12]] [[1894]] - [[November 14]] [[1956]]), daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania and Princess Marie of Edinburgh. They had no children, and were divorced on [[July 6]], [[1935]].

He succeeded to the Greek throne on his father's abdication, [[September 27]], [[1922]]. In late [[1923]] he was asked by the government to leave Greece "on leave" while the National Assembly considered the question of the future form of government. He complied and left for an exile to Romania, later living in Great Britain. He was officially deposed when a republic was proclaimed on [[March 25]], [[1924]]. He was restored to the throne, [[November 3]] [[1935]], but again left Greece following the German invasion, [[April 23]], [[1941]]. This time he went into exile to Great Britain. He was recalled to the throne [[September 28]], [[1946]].

George II died of a sudden heart attack in the Royal Palace in Athens on [[April 1]], [[1947]].

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]|after=Republic''' ([[Pavlos Kountouriotis]], Provisional Head of State)|years=1922–1924}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=Republic''' ([[Alexandros Zaimis]], President)|after=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|years=1935–1947}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:1890 births|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:1947 deaths|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|George II of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|George II]]

Category:Princes

2008-10-01T00:57:51Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Crown Prince Pavlos

2008-10-01T00:56:46Z

Peeperman:

'''Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, Prince of Denmark''' is the eldest son of former [[King Constantine II]], who reigned from [[1964]] to [[1973]]. If Constantine is ever restored to the throne Pavlos would be his heir apparent. If no restoration occurs, following Constantine's death Pavlos with become the pretender to the defunct Greek throne.

By royal descent, he is a member of the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]] line of the [[House of Oldenburg]]. His family has adopted on occasion de Grecia (of Greece) as a surname. His titles, Crown Prince of Greece and Duke of Sparta, although used as courtesy titles among European royalty and in the media generally, are not recognized in the Hellenic Republic, which abolished the monarchy in [[1974]]. Since reaching adulthood, he has lived in New York City and in London and has worked as an investment consultant.

== Early life ==
Prince Pavlos was born on [[May 20]], [[1967]] in [[Athens]], to King Constantine II of Greece and [[Queen Anna Maria]], by birth a Princess of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and sister to Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. By Greek tradition, he was named for his father’s father, [[King Paul]] (Pavlos) of the Hellenes. His older sister, [[Princess Alexia]], had been born two years earlier, in [[1965]]. Prince Pavlos was baptized into the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]], with Charles, Prince of Wales (King Constantine’s second cousin), as one of his godparents.

=== Military coup of 1967 ===

Prince Pavlos was born into a turbulent era in Greek politics. His father, King Constantine II, had acceded to the throne on [[March 6]], [[1964]], at the age of 23, following the death of his father, King Paul. In July [[1965]], following a conflict with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] over control of the armed forces, King Constantine dismissed Papandreou. The effect was to destabilize the political balance which had been achieved within the country. There followed within the next 22 months, a succession of unstable coalition governments, strikes, and loss of confidence by foreign investors. The term ''[[Apostasia of 1965|July Apostates]]'' refers to the group of [[Georgios Papandreou]]'s dissidents, led by the politician [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]], then also member of the [[Center Union]], who crossed the floor to bring about the fall of the Greek government and its replacement by a government favourable to the King.

On [[April 21]], 1967, just a month prior to Prince Pavlos’s birth, a military coup occurred, in which a group of colonels seized control of the government. The King decided to co-operate with the dictators and was persuaded to swear the new regime in only when the junta agreed to include a number of civilian politicians, with a royalist nominee, [[Konstantinos Kollias]], as Prime Minister. In the months following the coup, the junta continued to acknowledge King Constantine as head of state, although the king had very little actual power.

As 1967 drew to a close, the [[Junta|"Regime of the Colonels"]], led by Colonel [[George Papadopoulos]], was increasingly characterized by suppression of civil liberties, along with imprisonment or exile of opponents. On [[December 13]] of that year, King Constantine attempted a counter-coup, but could not rally sufficient military support. The King fled with his wife and children to Rome. Prince Pavlos’s younger brother [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark|Prince Nikolaos]], was born in Rome in [[1969]].

=== Abolition of the monarchy ===
During the years [[1964]]-[[1972]], Greece remained officially a monarchy, with a regency appointed in the absence of the king. Beginning in [[1973]], when Prince Pavlos was six years old, a series of rapid changes occurred in the government of Greece. In November, following the government’s harsh suppression of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]], Papadopoulos was ousted from office by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannides]].

The following summer, Ioannides attempted a coup in [[Cyprus]], which triggered the invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus by Turkish troops. Amidst fears of war with Turkey, the junta agreed to resign, and invited former Prime Minister [[Constantine Karamanlis]] to establish a civilian government. General elections were held in Nov 1974, resulting in a victory for Karamanlis and his [[New Democracy|New Democratic]] (ND) party. A referendum was called in December, in which the Greek people voted for a republican constitution (69%), over against the restoration of the monarchy (31%). Greek Prime Minister (under both [[King Paul]] and the Republic, as well as future President of the [[Hellenic Republic]]) [[Constantine Karamanlis]] in his radio address in the evening of December 8, 1974, as the polling returns became knownby declared that "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation".

King Constantine accepted that his reign was at an end. He and Queen Anne Marie settled with their family in London. Prince Pavlos’s youngest siblings were born in London, [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark|Princess Theodora]] in [[1983]], and [[Philippos of Greece|Prince Philippos]] in [[1986]].

== Education ==
Pavlos was educated in London at the Greek school, the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West in New Mexico, USA and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After completing these he studied at Georgetown, where he was roommates with his cousin, Crown Prince Felipe of Spain.

== Marriage and issue ==
Crown Prince Pavlos married American heiress Marie-Chantal Miller now styled as '''Her Royal Highness Marie-Chantal, The Crown Princess Pavlos of Greece, Princess of Denmark''' on [[July 1]], [[1995]]. After their marriage, the couple resided in New York City, where he worked as an investment consultant. Their children are:
* Maria Olympia, born [[July 25th]], [[1996]] in New York City
* Konstantinos-Alexios (Named after his grandfather), born [[October 29th]], [[1998]] in New York City
* Achilleas Andreas, born [[August 12th]], [[2000]] in New York City
* Odysseas Kimon, born [[September 17]] [[2004]] in London

==References==
* Hindley, Geoffrey The Royal Families of Europe New York Caroll & Graf 2000 id=ISBN 0-7867-0828-X
* Miroslav Marek Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg url=http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/oldenburg/oldenburg7.html#G1 June 30, 2005
* Woodhouse, C.M. Modern Greece a Short History London Faber & Faber 1998 ISBN 0-571-19794-9
* Γιάννης Κάτρης Η γέννηση του νεοφασισμού στην Ελλάδα 1960-1970, Athens, Παπαζήση (1974)
* Αλέξης Παπαχελάς Ο βιασμός της ελληνικής δημοκρατίας, Athens (1997) ISBN 960-05-0748-1

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:1967 births|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Pavlos, Crown Prince]]

Category:Greek Crown Princes

2008-10-01T00:55:14Z

Peeperman: New page: ,

King Paul

2008-10-01T00:55:05Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King Paul of Greece.png|200px|thumb|left|King Paul of Greece]]
'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy.

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederica|Frederica of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Crown Princes|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

Category:1964 deaths

2008-10-01T00:52:36Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Category:1901 births

2008-10-01T00:52:23Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Category:House of GlÃ¼cksburg

2008-10-01T00:51:02Z

Peeperman:

[[Category:History of Greece]]
[[Category:History of Denmark]]
[[Category:History of Norway]]

Template:Infobox Greek Royalty

2008-09-17T16:30:12Z

Peeperman:

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Template:Infobox Greek Royalty

2008-09-17T16:29:28Z

Peeperman: New page: {| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; width: 22.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="background: #{{ #switch: {{{1}}} | majesty = 0000B9 | monarch = 0000B9 | p...

Queen Frederica

2008-09-17T16:22:12Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:QueenFrederica of Greece.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frederica of Hanover]]
'''Frederica of Hanover''', '''''Frederica Luise Thyra Victoria Margarita Sophia Olga Cecilia Isabella Christa''''', Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg [[1917]]-[[1981]] was [[Queen consort]] of the [[Hellenes]] (Greece) during the reign of her husband King [[Paul of Greece]]([[1947]]-[[1964]])

Frederica of Hanover was born on [[April 18]] [[1917]] in Blankenburg, Harz, Germany to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, a daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Augusta Viktoria, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein.

Through her maternal grandfather Frederica was a great-granddaughter of Friedrich III, German Emperor and Princess Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Through this relationship Frederica was a distant cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and also of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. As a descendant of George III, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne although she had no British rank or title.

In [[1936]] Crown Prince Paul, later King [[Paul of Greece]] proposed to her in Berlin when he was there to see the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]. Their engagement was announced official on [[September 28]], [[1937]]. On [[January 9]], [[1938]] they married in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Paul was the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]] and Princess [[Sophie of Prussia]], sister of Kaiser Wilhelm. (Therefore he was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a second cousin to Frederica)

During the early part of their marriage they resided at Villa Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage their first child was born on [[November 2]], [[1938]]: Sophia, the future Queen [[Sofia of Spain]]. On [[June 2]], [[1940]] their son and heir, [[King Constantine II|Constantine]] was born. At the peak of [[World War II]], in April, [[1941]] the Greek Royal Family had to evacuate to [[Crete]] in a Sunderland flying boat.

In exile, [[King George II]] and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederica's last child [[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene]] was born on [[May 11]], [[1942]], the South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather.

Shortly afterwards the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were forced to evacuate again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February of [[1944]].

On [[September 1]], [[1946]] Greece decided in a plebiscite to restore King George to the throne. The Crown Prince and Princess, as Paul and Frederica were now titled, returned to their villa in [[Psychiko]]. A year later on [[April 1]], [[1947]] George II died, Frederica and her husband ascended the throne as King Paul I and Queen Frederica of the Hellenes.

Political instability blamed by critics on [[KKE|communist]]s in Northern Greece led to into [[Greek Civil War|civil war]]. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try appeal for loyalty in the summer of [[1947]].

The King and queen worked tirelessly for the royalist cause. The [[Greek Civil War]] ended in August, [[1949]]. The King & Queen took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, they paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, the Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However at home in Greece Frederica was often the target of opposition, because as a girl Frederica had belonged to a Hitler Youth group. While at school in Italy, she was said to have been heard defending Nazi Germany and three of her brothers served in the Wehrmacht. Her defenders argued that it would be an unwise parent in [[1930s]] Germany who did not allow their offspring to join the Hitler Youth, and she would not have been the only German child to have, in their naivety, to defended the political system operating there at the time. However in adulthood these things were to be weighed against her, by critics on the left. Opposition also arose against her, during her reign as queen and even later, on account of her strong-willed personality and her meddling in Greek political affairs (often based on personal likes and dislikes).

Her [[November 16]], [[1953]] appearance in Life Magazine as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of ''Time Magazine''. On [[May 14]], [[1962]] her eldest daughter [[Sofia of Spain|Sofia]] married Don Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos) in Athens.

On [[March 6]], [[1964]] King Paul died, and her son ascended the throne as [[King Constantine II|Constantine II]]. He married Princess [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]] of Denmark later that year on [[September 18]]. Queen Frederica, now Queen Mother, attended many royal events including the christenings of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece. She still remained unpopular, though, as people saw her as the driving force behind her son.

Constantine's clashes with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. After a clumsily organised counter-coup by the King failed, he was forced to flee into exile. On [[June 1]], [[1973]] the [[Junta|Regime of the colonels]] abolished the Greek Monarchy. The new head-of-state was [[President of Greece]] [[George Papadopoulos]].

The dictatorship ended on [[July 24]], [[1974]]. A new democratic plebiscite was held in 1974 and confirmed the abolition of the monarchy.

Queen Frederica died on [[February 6]], [[1981]] in exile in Madrid during ophthalmic surgery. In its obituary of the Queen, The New York Times reported that she died during "eyelid surgery," which led to frequent but unsubstantiated rumors that she died while undergoing plastic surgery. Other sources state that she died of a heart attack while undergoing the removal of cataracts.

She was interred at [[Tatoi]] (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attended the service but had to leave immediately after.

[[Category:1917 births|Frederica, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:1981 deaths|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Hanover|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:Queen consorts|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]

Queen Frederica

2008-09-17T16:21:30Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:QueenFrederica of Greece.jpg|thumb|right|Frederica of Hanover]]
'''Frederica of Hanover''', '''''Frederica Luise Thyra Victoria Margarita Sophia Olga Cecilia Isabella Christa''''', Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg [[1917]]-[[1981]] was [[Queen consort]] of the [[Hellenes]] (Greece) during the reign of her husband King [[Paul of Greece]]([[1947]]-[[1964]])

Frederica of Hanover was born on [[April 18]] [[1917]] in Blankenburg, Harz, Germany to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, a daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Augusta Viktoria, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein.

Through her maternal grandfather Frederica was a great-granddaughter of Friedrich III, German Emperor and Princess Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Through this relationship Frederica was a distant cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and also of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. As a descendant of George III, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne although she had no British rank or title.

In [[1936]] Crown Prince Paul, later King [[Paul of Greece]] proposed to her in Berlin when he was there to see the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]. Their engagement was announced official on [[September 28]], [[1937]]. On [[January 9]], [[1938]] they married in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Paul was the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]] and Princess [[Sophie of Prussia]], sister of Kaiser Wilhelm. (Therefore he was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a second cousin to Frederica)

During the early part of their marriage they resided at Villa Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage their first child was born on [[November 2]], [[1938]]: Sophia, the future Queen [[Sofia of Spain]]. On [[June 2]], [[1940]] their son and heir, [[King Constantine II|Constantine]] was born. At the peak of [[World War II]], in April, [[1941]] the Greek Royal Family had to evacuate to [[Crete]] in a Sunderland flying boat.

In exile, [[King George II]] and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederica's last child [[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene]] was born on [[May 11]], [[1942]], the South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather.

Shortly afterwards the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were forced to evacuate again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February of [[1944]].

On [[September 1]], [[1946]] Greece decided in a plebiscite to restore King George to the throne. The Crown Prince and Princess, as Paul and Frederica were now titled, returned to their villa in [[Psychiko]]. A year later on [[April 1]], [[1947]] George II died, Frederica and her husband ascended the throne as King Paul I and Queen Frederica of the Hellenes.

Political instability blamed by critics on [[KKE|communist]]s in Northern Greece led to into [[Greek Civil War|civil war]]. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try appeal for loyalty in the summer of [[1947]].

The King and queen worked tirelessly for the royalist cause. The [[Greek Civil War]] ended in August, [[1949]]. The King & Queen took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, they paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, the Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However at home in Greece Frederica was often the target of opposition, because as a girl Frederica had belonged to a Hitler Youth group. While at school in Italy, she was said to have been heard defending Nazi Germany and three of her brothers served in the Wehrmacht. Her defenders argued that it would be an unwise parent in [[1930s]] Germany who did not allow their offspring to join the Hitler Youth, and she would not have been the only German child to have, in their naivety, to defended the political system operating there at the time. However in adulthood these things were to be weighed against her, by critics on the left. Opposition also arose against her, during her reign as queen and even later, on account of her strong-willed personality and her meddling in Greek political affairs (often based on personal likes and dislikes).

Her [[November 16]], [[1953]] appearance in Life Magazine as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of ''Time Magazine''. On [[May 14]], [[1962]] her eldest daughter [[Sofia of Spain|Sofia]] married Don Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos) in Athens.

On [[March 6]], [[1964]] King Paul died, and her son ascended the throne as [[King Constantine II|Constantine II]]. He married Princess [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]] of Denmark later that year on [[September 18]]. Queen Frederica, now Queen Mother, attended many royal events including the christenings of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece. She still remained unpopular, though, as people saw her as the driving force behind her son.

Constantine's clashes with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. After a clumsily organised counter-coup by the King failed, he was forced to flee into exile. On [[June 1]], [[1973]] the [[Junta|Regime of the colonels]] abolished the Greek Monarchy. The new head-of-state was [[President of Greece]] [[George Papadopoulos]].

The dictatorship ended on [[July 24]], [[1974]]. A new democratic plebiscite was held in 1974 and confirmed the abolition of the monarchy.

Queen Frederica died on [[February 6]], [[1981]] in exile in Madrid during ophthalmic surgery. In its obituary of the Queen, The New York Times reported that she died during "eyelid surgery," which led to frequent but unsubstantiated rumors that she died while undergoing plastic surgery. Other sources state that she died of a heart attack while undergoing the removal of cataracts.

She was interred at [[Tatoi]] (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attended the service but had to leave immediately after.

[[Category:1917 births|Frederica, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:1981 deaths|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Hanover|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:Queen consorts|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]

File:QueenFrederica of Greece.jpg

2008-09-17T16:20:19Z

Peeperman:

Category:House of Hanover

2008-09-17T16:19:08Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Category:1981 deaths

2008-09-17T16:18:47Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Category:1917 births

2008-09-17T16:18:34Z

Peeperman: New page: .

Category:1946 births

2008-09-16T23:59:52Z

Peeperman: New page: .

King Paul

2008-09-16T23:58:45Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King Paul of Greece.png|200px|thumb|left|King Paul of Greece]]
'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy. From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederica|Frederica of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

File:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png

2008-09-05T16:54:40Z

Peeperman: uploaded a new version of "Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png"

The Coat of Arms of the Glücksburg Dynasty of Greece.

Queen Frederica

2008-09-01T22:39:39Z

Peeperman:

'''Frederica of Hanover''', '''''Frederica Luise Thyra Victoria Margarita Sophia Olga Cecilia Isabella Christa''''', Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg [[1917]]-[[1981]] was [[Queen consort]] of the [[Hellenes]] (Greece) during the reign of her husband King [[Paul of Greece]]([[1947]]-[[1964]])

Frederica of Hanover was born on [[April 18]] [[1917]] in Blankenburg, Harz, Germany to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, a daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Augusta Viktoria, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein.

Through her maternal grandfather Frederica was a great-granddaughter of Friedrich III, German Emperor and Princess Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Through this relationship Frederica was a distant cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and also of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. As a descendant of George III, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne although she had no British rank or title.

In [[1936]] Crown Prince Paul, later King [[Paul of Greece]] proposed to her in Berlin when he was there to see the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]. Their engagement was announced official on [[September 28]], [[1937]]. On [[January 9]], [[1938]] they married in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Paul was the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]] and Princess [[Sophie of Prussia]], sister of Kaiser Wilhelm. (Therefore he was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a second cousin to Frederica)

During the early part of their marriage they resided at Villa Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage their first child was born on [[November 2]], [[1938]]: Sophia, the future Queen [[Sofia of Spain]]. On [[June 2]], [[1940]] their son and heir, [[King Constantine II|Constantine]] was born. At the peak of [[World War II]], in April, [[1941]] the Greek Royal Family had to evacuate to [[Crete]] in a Sunderland flying boat.

In exile, [[King George II]] and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederica's last child [[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene]] was born on [[May 11]], [[1942]], the South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather.

Shortly afterwards the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were forced to evacuate again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February of [[1944]].

On [[September 1]], [[1946]] Greece decided in a plebiscite to restore King George to the throne. The Crown Prince and Princess, as Paul and Frederica were now titled, returned to their villa in [[Psychiko]]. A year later on [[April 1]], [[1947]] George II died, Frederica and her husband ascended the throne as King Paul I and Queen Frederica of the Hellenes.

Political instability blamed by critics on [[KKE|communist]]s in Northern Greece led to into [[Greek Civil War|civil war]]. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try appeal for loyalty in the summer of [[1947]].

The King and queen worked tirelessly for the royalist cause. The [[Greek Civil War]] ended in August, [[1949]]. The King & Queen took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, they paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, the Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However at home in Greece Frederica was often the target of opposition, because as a girl Frederica had belonged to a Hitler Youth group. While at school in Italy, she was said to have been heard defending Nazi Germany and three of her brothers served in the Wehrmacht. Her defenders argued that it would be an unwise parent in [[1930s]] Germany who did not allow their offspring to join the Hitler Youth, and she would not have been the only German child to have, in their naivety, to defended the political system operating there at the time. However in adulthood these things were to be weighed against her, by critics on the left. Opposition also arose against her, during her reign as queen and even later, on account of her strong-willed personality and her meddling in Greek political affairs (often based on personal likes and dislikes).

Her [[November 16]], [[1953]] appearance in Life Magazine as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of ''Time Magazine''. On [[May 14]], [[1962]] her eldest daughter [[Sofia of Spain|Sofia]] married Don Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos) in Athens.

On [[March 6]], [[1964]] King Paul died, and her son ascended the throne as [[King Constantine II|Constantine II]]. He married Princess [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]] of Denmark later that year on [[September 18]]. Queen Frederica, now Queen Mother, attended many royal events including the christenings of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece. She still remained unpopular, though, as people saw her as the driving force behind her son.

Constantine's clashes with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. After a clumsily organised counter-coup by the King failed, he was forced to flee into exile. On [[June 1]], [[1973]] the [[Junta|Regime of the colonels]] abolished the Greek Monarchy. The new head-of-state was [[President of Greece]] [[George Papadopoulos]].

The dictatorship ended on [[July 24]], [[1974]]. A new democratic plebiscite was held in 1974 and confirmed the abolition of the monarchy.

Queen Frederica died on [[February 6]], [[1981]] in exile in Madrid during ophthalmic surgery. In its obituary of the Queen, The New York Times reported that she died during "eyelid surgery," which led to frequent but unsubstantiated rumors that she died while undergoing plastic surgery. Other sources state that she died of a heart attack while undergoing the removal of cataracts.

She was interred at [[Tatoi]] (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attended the service but had to leave immediately after.

[[Category:1917 births|Frederica, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:1981 deaths|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Hanover|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]
[[Category:Queen consorts|Frederika, Queen of Greece]]

Queen Frederika

2008-09-01T22:35:42Z

Peeperman: Queen Frederika moved to Queen Frederica

#REDIRECT [[Queen Frederica]]

Queen Frederica

2008-09-01T22:35:42Z

Peeperman: Queen Frederika moved to Queen Frederica

'''Frederika of Hanover''', '''''Frederika Luise Thyra Victoria Margarita Sophia Olga Cecilia Isabella Christa''''', Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg [[1917]]-[[1981]] was [[Queen consort]] of the [[Hellenes]] (Greece) during the reign of her husband King [[Paul of Greece]]([[1947]]-[[1964]])

Frederika of Hanover was born on [[April 18]] [[1917]] in Blankenburg, Harz, Germany to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, a daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Augusta Viktoria, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein.

Through her maternal grandfather Frederika was a great-granddaughter of Friedrich III, German Emperor and Princess Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Through this relationship Frederika was a distant cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and also of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. As a descendant of George III, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne although she had no British rank or title.

In [[1936]] Crown Prince Paul, later King [[Paul of Greece]] proposed to her in Berlin when he was there to see the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]. Their engagement was announced official on [[September 28]], [[1937]]. On [[January 9]], [[1938]] they married in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Paul was the son of [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]] and Princess [[Sophie of Prussia]], sister of Kaiser Wilhelm. (Therefore he was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a second cousin to Frederika)

During the early part of their marriage they resided at Villa Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage their first child was born on [[November 2]], [[1938]]: Sophia, the future Queen [[Sofia of Spain]]. On [[June 2]], [[1940]] their son and heir, [[King Constantine II|Constantine]] was born. At the peak of [[World War II]], in April, [[1941]] the Greek Royal Family had to evacuate to [[Crete]] in a Sunderland flying boat.

In exile, [[King George II]] and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederika's last child [[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene]] was born on [[May 11]], [[1942]], the South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather.

Shortly afterwards the German forces attacked Crete. Frederika and her family were forced to evacuate again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February of [[1944]].

On [[September 1]], [[1946]] Greece decided in a plebiscite to restore King George to the throne. The Crown Prince and Princess, as Paul and Frederika were now titled, returned to their villa in [[Psychiko]]. A year later on [[April 1]], [[1947]] George II died, Frederika and her husband ascended the throne as King Paul I and Queen Frederika of the Hellenes.

Political instability blamed by critics on [[KKE|communist]]s in Northern Greece led to into [[Greek Civil War|civil war]]. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try appeal for loyalty in the summer of [[1947]].

The King and queen worked tirelessly for the royalist cause. The [[Greek Civil War]] ended in August, [[1949]]. The King & Queen took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, they paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, the Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However at home in Greece Frederika was often the target of opposition, because as a girl Frederika had belonged to a Hitler Youth group. While at school in Italy, she was said to have been heard defending Nazi Germany and three of her brothers served in the Wehrmacht. Her defenders argued that it would be an unwise parent in [[1930s]] Germany who did not allow their offspring to join the Hitler Youth, and she would not have been the only German child to have, in their naivety, to defended the political system operating there at the time. However in adulthood these things were to be weighed against her, by critics on the left. Opposition also arose against her, during her reign as queen and even later, on account of her strong-willed personality and her meddling in Greek political affairs (often based on personal likes and dislikes).

Her [[November 16]], [[1953]] appearance in Life Magazine as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of ''Time Magazine''. On [[May 14]], [[1962]] her eldest daughter [[Sofia of Spain|Sofia]] married Don Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos) in Athens.

On [[March 6]], [[1964]] King Paul died, and her son ascended the throne as [[King Constantine II|Constantine II]]. He married Princess [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]] of Denmark later that year on [[September 18]]. Queen Frederika, now Queen Mother, attended many royal events including the christenings of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece. She still remained unpopular, though, as people saw her as the driving force behind her son.

Constantine's clashes with Prime Minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. After a clumsily organised counter-coup by the King failed, he was forced to flee into exile. On [[June 1]], [[1973]] the [[Junta|Regime of the colonels]] abolished the Greek Monarchy. The new head-of-state was [[President of Greece]] [[George Papadopoulos]].

The dictatorship ended on [[July 24]], [[1974]]. A new democratic plebiscite was held in 1974 and confirmed the abolition of the monarchy.

Queen Frederika died on [[February 6]], [[1981]] in exile in Madrid during ophthalmic surgery. In its obituary of the Queen, The New York Times reported that she died during "eyelid surgery," which led to frequent but unsubstantiated rumors that she died while undergoing plastic surgery. Other sources state that she died of a heart attack while undergoing the removal of cataracts.

She was interred at [[Tatoi]] (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attended the service but had to leave immediately after.

[[Category:1917 births|Frederika, Queen]]
[[Category:1981 deaths|Frederika, Queen]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Frederika, Queen]]
[[Category:Queen consorts|Frederika, Queen]]

King Paul

2008-09-01T22:35:09Z

Peeperman:

[[Image:King Paul of Greece.png|200px|thumb|left|King Paul of Greece]]
'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy. From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

File:King Paul of Greece.png

2008-09-01T22:34:15Z

Peeperman: King Paul of Greece (1900-1964) Reign:1947-1964

King Paul of Greece (1900-1964) Reign:1947-1964

King Paul

2008-09-01T22:32:24Z

Peeperman:

'''Paul, King of the Hellenes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Παύλος, Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''' [[December 14]], [[1901]] - [[March 6]], [[1964]]), was King of Greece from [[1947]] to [[1964]]. He succeeded his brother, [[King George II|George II]], as king during a [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between Greek Communists and supporters of the monarchy. From [[1917]] to [[1920]], Paul lived in exile with his father, [[King Constantine I|Constantine I]]. From [[1923]] to [[1935]] and from [[1941]] to [[1946]], he lived in exile again, this time with his brother, [[King George II|George II]].

Paul was born in [[Athens]], and was trained as a naval officer.

During most of [[World War II]], when Greece was under German occupation, Paul was with the Greek government-in-exile in London and Cairo. From Cairo, he broadcast messages to the Greek people.

==Reign: 1947-1964==
He returned to Greece in [[1946]] and succeeded to the throne on [[April 1]], [[1947]], on the sudden death of his brother, [[King George II|George II]].
His reign was rather eventful as [[Greece]] joined NATO in [[1949]], the [[Greek Civil War]] came to an end that same year, the [[EOKA]] struggle broke out in [[Cyprus]] on [[April 1]], [[1955]] and the [[Istanbul pogrom|riots]] against the Greeks in Istanbul broke out in September of that same year. His death took place during the Cyprus crisis of [[1963]]-[[1964]].

==Family==
Paul was married on [[January 9]], [[1938]], to [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]
They had three children:
#[[Queen Sofia of Spain]]
#[[King Constantine II|King Constantine II of the Hellenes]]
#[[Irene of Greece|Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark]]

{{Start box}}
{{succession box|
before=[[King George II]] |
title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|
years=[[1947]]–[[1964]]|
after=[[King Constantine II]]
}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:1901 births|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs|Paul of Greece]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg|Paul of Greece]]

King Constantine II

2008-09-01T22:31:33Z

Peeperman:

{| {{prettyinfobox}}
|colspan=3 align=center|[[image:olympic-rings.png|center|80px]]
|- align=center
|bgcolor="gold"| Gold|| [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]|| Sailing (Dragon class)
|}
[[Image:King_Constantine_II_342.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Constantine II in 2005]]
[[Image:Constantine-annemarie-01.jpg|thumb|300px|In [[1964]] [[King Constantine II]] married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark.]]
[[Image:Constantin30.jpg|thumb|300px|[[King Constantine II]] and Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne Marie]]
]]
'''Constantine II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Κωνσταντίνος Β'''', born [[June 2]], [[1940]]), was the last [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]] from [[March 6]], [[1964]] to [[June 1]], [[1973]]. His official title was '''King of the Hellenes''' ('''Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''').

He was a son of [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]. At the age of 20 he competed in the [[1960]] Olympics in Rome representing [[Greece]] and won a Gold medal in sailing (Gold Dragon Class) with a crew consisting of [[Odysseas Eskitzoglou]] and [[Giorgos Zaimis]].

=== Rule ===

Constantine began his reign in the midst of the [[Cyprus]] troubles of [[1963]] - [[1964]]. His subjects always suspected that he was being ruled by his strong-willed, unpopular mother [[Queen Frederika|Queen Mother Frederika]]. As king, Constantine had a turbulent relationship with his prime minister, [[Georgios Papandreou]], a [[Centre Union|centrist]]. Papandreou's resignation in the Summer of [[1965]], after a clash with Constantine over control of the military, led to demonstrations, governments that failed to get a vote of confidence and turmoil in the country that culminated in a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. On [[December 13]] of that year, Constantine and his family fled to Rome, Italy, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the ruling [[junta]].

=== Abolition of the Monarchy ===
[[Image:475-5.jpg|thumb|150px|[[1967]] issue of Time Magazine featuring [[King Constantine II|King Constantine]]]]
The monarchy continued in his absence under regents. In [[1973]], the military regime abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. In 1974, the new democratic regime under [[Constantine Karamanlis]] held a second democratic referendum, which confirmed the monarchy's abolition, with the monarchy receiving only one third of all votes cast. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] who had just won a resounding victory (54% of the vote in a general election) had formally declared his neutrality in the referendum, although he was rumoured to be against the monarchy. However, many voters of his party were traditionally in favour the monarchy and it is certain that those who voted for the monarchy had previously voted for Karamanlis. All other parties represented in Parliament had declared for a republic. Both the centrists and the left of centre [[PASOK]], who considered themselves heirs of the Venizelist tradition, as well as the communist left, were historically against the monarchy. Constantine's personality, the way he had first sworn in the junta government, in 1967, before organising an entirely unscuccesful and somewhat comical counter-coup against them later in that year, and his reluctance to sever all ties with the junta once in exile, did not help the monarchy either. In addition, the opposition collectively blamed Constantine II for the serious political crisis that had led to the coup in the first place.

=== After the abolition ===

Constantine was not formally exiled nor stripped of his property or citizenship after the referendum. Still, it seems he was formally discouraged from visiting Greece as he did so only once, very briefly, in February [[1981]] for the funeral of his mother, Queen Frederika. There were also legal disputes with the Greek state, since Constantine was unable or unwilling to pay the heavy taxes on his property in Greece. In the early 1990s Constantine started appearing more in the newly created private television channels and thus became more "visible" in Greece. In 1992 he concluded an agreement with the government under [[Constantine Mitsotakis]] ceding most of his land in Greece to a non-profit foundation in exchange for the former palace of [[Tatoi]] and the right to export a large number of movables from Greece. In 1993 he attempted a first visit to Greece which however did not end well as the government, irritated by his "tour" around Greece and by increasingly loud protests from the opposition, asked him to leave. In 1994, the government of [[PASOK]] which had by then succeeded Mitsotakis passed new legislation reversing the 1992 "deal" and stripping Constantine of his property in Greece and his Greek citizenship.

Constantine has since sued Greece before the European Court of Human Rights, claiming ownership of lands worth in excess of €550 million. He only partially won, receiving only €4 million for the lost property. The Greek government paid this sum (out of the "disasters of nature" budget, as a means of making a public statement), but was not obligated by the court decision to return any lands.

A law stating that Constantine cannot be granted a Greek passport unless he signs a formal declaration recognising the Republic still remains in force. Constantine refuses to comply considering such a treatment humiliating. However, he now travels in and out of Greece without problems, on a Danish passport (as "Constantine DeGrecia"), and has done so several times in the past few years. Because of the Schengen agreements the Greek government cannot refuse him entry.

=== Public Opinion ===

As a young prince, Constantine was a popular socialite, gaining popularity for his athletic achievements (including his Olympic medal), and his tendency to mix with other Athenians at social functions and athletic events. According to some sources, his rise to the throne was widely welcomed by the population who had hoped that he would lead the country to a more modern and more open period. The young king instead chose to continue the ways of his father, a fact blamed by many to the influence of his mother, Frederika.

To this day, many Greek people and most Greek politicians blame Constantine II for the chaos that had led to the 1967 coup. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] dismissively described Constantine as ''Paul's naughty little boy''. Karamanlis was also scathing in his radio address in the evening of [[December 8]], 1974, as the polling returns became known. "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation" he declared, succinctly epitomising the public mood.

In more recent years, his legal battles again the Greek state became the fodder of bad publicity. His family's insistence on using royal titles is frequently mocked in the press, where he is most frequently referred to simply as "o teos" ("the former").

=== Family ===

In [[1964]] King Constantine married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark, and sister of the current Danish Queen, Margrethe II. His heir, should the throne ever be restored, is [[Crown Prince Pavlos]]. Constantine II's sister, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]], is married to King Juan Carlos of Spain.

Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie live in exile in London, England , where the exiled monarch is a close friend of The Prince of Wales and a godfather to Prince William of Wales.

Children:
*[[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[July 10|10 July]] [[1965]] at Mon Repos, [[Corfu]], [[Greece]]. She was married on [[July 9|9 July]] [[1999]] in London, England to Carlos Morales Quintana who was born on [[December 31]] [[1970]] at Lanzarote, Spain.
**Their Children:
***Arrietta Morales y de Grecia, born on [[24 February]] [[2002]] in Barcelona.
***Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia, born on [[15 May]] [[2003]] in Barcelona.
***Carlos Morales y de Grecia, born on [[30 July]] [[2005]] in Barcelona.
*[[Crown Prince Pavlos]], Prince of Denmark, born on [[May 20|20 May]] [[1967]] at [[Tatoi|Tatoi Palace]] in Athens, Greece. He was married on [[July 1|1 July]] [[1995]] in London, England to Marie-Chantal Miller, who was thereafter Crown Princess Pavlos. She was born on [[September 17|17 September]] [[1968]] in London, England.
**Their Children:
***Maria-Olympia, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[July 25|25 July]] [[1996]] in New York City, USA.
***Constantin-Alexios, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 29|29 October]] [[1998]] in New York City, USA.
***Achileas Andrea, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[August 12|12 August]] [[2000]] in New York City, USA.
***Odyseus Kimon, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[September 17]], [[2004]] in London.
*Nikolaos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 1|1 October]] [[1969]] in Rome, Italy.
*Theodora, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[June 9|9 June]] [[1983]] in London, England.
*Philippos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[April 26|26 April]] [[1986]] in London, England.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png|30px]] [[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|after=[[Junta|Military Junta]]''' ([[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President)|years=1964–1973}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Olympic Gold Medalists]]
[[Category:Sailers (Sports)]]

File:Royal COA of Greek Kingdom.png

2008-09-01T22:27:51Z

Peeperman: The Coat of Arms of the Glücksburg Dynasty of Greece.

The Coat of Arms of the Glücksburg Dynasty of Greece.

King Constantine II

2008-07-24T11:37:00Z

Peeperman:

{| {{prettyinfobox}}
|colspan=3 align=center|[[image:olympic-rings.png|center|80px]]
|- align=center
|bgcolor="gold"| Gold|| [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]|| Sailing (Dragon class)
|}
[[Image:King_Constantine_II_342.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Constantine II in 2005]]
[[Image:Constantine-annemarie-01.jpg|thumb|300px|In [[1964]] [[King Constantine II]] married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark.]]
[[Image:Constantin30.jpg|thumb|300px|[[King Constantine II]] and Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne Marie]]
]]
'''Constantine II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Κωνσταντίνος Β'''', born [[June 2]], [[1940]]), was the last [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]] from [[March 6]], [[1964]] to [[June 1]], [[1973]]. His official title was '''King of the Hellenes''' ('''Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''').

He was a son of [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Queen Frederika|Frederika of Hanover]]. At the age of 20 he competed in the [[1960]] Olympics in Rome representing [[Greece]] and won a Gold medal in sailing (Gold Dragon Class) with a crew consisting of [[Odysseas Eskitzoglou]] and [[Giorgos Zaimis]].

=== Rule ===

Constantine began his reign in the midst of the [[Cyprus]] troubles of [[1963]] - [[1964]]. His subjects always suspected that he was being ruled by his strong-willed, unpopular mother [[Queen Frederika|Queen Mother Frederika]]. As king, Constantine had a turbulent relationship with his prime minister, [[Georgios Papandreou]], a [[Centre Union|centrist]]. Papandreou's resignation in the Summer of [[1965]], after a clash with Constantine over control of the military, led to demonstrations, governments that failed to get a vote of confidence and turmoil in the country that culminated in a military coup on [[April 21]], [[1967]]. On [[December 13]] of that year, Constantine and his family fled to Rome, Italy, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the ruling [[junta]].

=== Abolition of the Monarchy ===
[[Image:475-5.jpg|thumb|150px|[[1967]] issue of Time Magazine featuring [[King Constantine II|King Constantine]]]]
The monarchy continued in his absence under regents. In [[1973]], the military regime abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. In 1974, the new democratic regime under [[Constantine Karamanlis]] held a second democratic referendum, which confirmed the monarchy's abolition, with the monarchy receiving only one third of all votes cast. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] who had just won a resounding victory (54% of the vote in a general election) had formally declared his neutrality in the referendum, although he was rumoured to be against the monarchy. However, many voters of his party were traditionally in favour the monarchy and it is certain that those who voted for the monarchy had previously voted for Karamanlis. All other parties represented in Parliament had declared for a republic. Both the centrists and the left of centre [[PASOK]], who considered themselves heirs of the Venizelist tradition, as well as the communist left, were historically against the monarchy. Constantine's personality, the way he had first sworn in the junta government, in 1967, before organising an entirely unscuccesful and somewhat comical counter-coup against them later in that year, and his reluctance to sever all ties with the junta once in exile, did not help the monarchy either. In addition, the opposition collectively blamed Constantine II for the serious political crisis that had led to the coup in the first place.

=== After the abolition ===

Constantine was not formally exiled nor stripped of his property or citizenship after the referendum. Still, it seems he was formally discouraged from visiting Greece as he did so only once, very briefly, in February [[1981]] for the funeral of his mother, Queen Frederika. There were also legal disputes with the Greek state, since Constantine was unable or unwilling to pay the heavy taxes on his property in Greece. In the early 1990s Constantine started appearing more in the newly created private television channels and thus became more "visible" in Greece. In 1992 he concluded an agreement with the government under [[Constantine Mitsotakis]] ceding most of his land in Greece to a non-profit foundation in exchange for the former palace of [[Tatoi]] and the right to export a large number of movables from Greece. In 1993 he attempted a first visit to Greece which however did not end well as the government, irritated by his "tour" around Greece and by increasingly loud protests from the opposition, asked him to leave. In 1994, the government of [[PASOK]] which had by then succeeded Mitsotakis passed new legislation reversing the 1992 "deal" and stripping Constantine of his property in Greece and his Greek citizenship.

Constantine has since sued Greece before the European Court of Human Rights, claiming ownership of lands worth in excess of €550 million. He only partially won, receiving only €4 million for the lost property. The Greek government paid this sum (out of the "disasters of nature" budget, as a means of making a public statement), but was not obligated by the court decision to return any lands.

A law stating that Constantine cannot be granted a Greek passport unless he signs a formal declaration recognising the Republic still remains in force. Constantine refuses to comply considering such a treatment humiliating. However, he now travels in and out of Greece without problems, on a Danish passport (as "Constantine DeGrecia"), and has done so several times in the past few years. Because of the Schengen agreements the Greek government cannot refuse him entry.

=== Public Opinion ===

As a young prince, Constantine was a popular socialite, gaining popularity for his athletic achievements (including his Olympic medal), and his tendency to mix with other Athenians at social functions and athletic events. According to some sources, his rise to the throne was widely welcomed by the population who had hoped that he would lead the country to a more modern and more open period. The young king instead chose to continue the ways of his father, a fact blamed by many to the influence of his mother, Frederika.

To this day, many Greek people and most Greek politicians blame Constantine II for the chaos that had led to the 1967 coup. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] dismissively described Constantine as ''Paul's naughty little boy''. Karamanlis was also scathing in his radio address in the evening of [[December 8]], 1974, as the polling returns became known. "A carcinoma was resected today from the body of the nation" he declared, succinctly epitomising the public mood.

In more recent years, his legal battles again the Greek state became the fodder of bad publicity. His family's insistence on using royal titles is frequently mocked in the press, where he is most frequently referred to simply as "o teos" ("the former").

=== Family ===

In [[1964]] King Constantine married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of Denmark, and sister of the current Danish Queen, Margrethe II. His heir, should the throne ever be restored, is [[Crown Prince Pavlos]]. Constantine II's sister, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]], is married to King Juan Carlos of Spain.

Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie live in exile in London, England , where the exiled monarch is a close friend of The Prince of Wales and a godfather to Prince William of Wales.

Children:
*[[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[July 10|10 July]] [[1965]] at Mon Repos, [[Corfu]], [[Greece]]. She was married on [[July 9|9 July]] [[1999]] in London, England to Carlos Morales Quintana who was born on [[December 31]] [[1970]] at Lanzarote, Spain.
**Their Children:
***Arrietta Morales y de Grecia, born on [[24 February]] [[2002]] in Barcelona.
***Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia, born on [[15 May]] [[2003]] in Barcelona.
***Carlos Morales y de Grecia, born on [[30 July]] [[2005]] in Barcelona.
*[[Crown Prince Pavlos]], Prince of Denmark, born on [[May 20|20 May]] [[1967]] at [[Tatoi|Tatoi Palace]] in Athens, Greece. He was married on [[July 1|1 July]] [[1995]] in London, England to Marie-Chantal Miller, who was thereafter Crown Princess Pavlos. She was born on [[September 17|17 September]] [[1968]] in London, England.
**Their Children:
***Maria-Olympia, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[July 25|25 July]] [[1996]] in New York City, [[United States|USA]].
***Constantin-Alexios, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 29|29 October]] [[1998]] in New York City, USA.
***Achileas Andrea, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[August 12|12 August]] [[2000]] in New York City, USA.
***Odyseus Kimon, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[September 17]], [[2004]] in London.
*Nikolaos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[October 1|1 October]] [[1969]] in Rome, Italy.
*Theodora, Princess of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[June 9|9 June]] [[1983]] in London, England.
*Philippos, Prince of [[Greece]] and Denmark, born on [[April 26|26 April]] [[1986]] in London, England.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|after=Military Junta''' ([[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President)|years=1964–1973}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]
[[Category:Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]
[[Category:Olympic Gold Medalists]]
[[Category:Sailers (Sports)]]