1896 Summer Olympics - Revision history

Irlandos: /* External links */

2008-12-18T13:06:32Z

External links

Irlandos: /* Shooting */

2008-04-22T11:00:48Z

Shooting

Irlandos: /* External links */

2007-12-07T13:07:27Z

External links

Irlandos: /* Election as host city */

2007-01-19T11:51:47Z

Election as host city

Irlandos at 11:42, January 19, 2007

2007-01-19T11:42:21Z

Irlandos: /* Participating nations */

2007-01-19T11:38:18Z

Participating nations

Irlandos at 11:37, January 19, 2007

2007-01-19T11:37:20Z

Irlandos: /* References */

2007-01-19T11:31:33Z

References

Irlandos: /* Medal count */

2007-01-19T11:25:25Z

Medal count

Irlandos: /* Participating nations */

2007-01-19T11:23:25Z

Participating nations

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:06, December 18, 2008
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 The first event, for military rifles over 200 metres, was won by [[Pantelis Karasevdas]], the only competitor to hit the target with all of his shots. The second event, for military pistols, was dominated by two brothers, Americans John and Sumner Paine. In order to avoid embarrassing their hosts, the brothers decided that only one of them would compete in the next pistol event, the free pistol. Sumner Paine dominated that event alone, thereby becoming the first relative of an Olympic champion to become Olympic champion himself.
-The Paine brothers did not compete in the 25 metre pistol event, as their weapons were judged to be not of the required calibre. In their absence, [[Ioannis Frangoudis]] won. Frangoudis also placed second in the final event, the free rifle, held on the same day. However, the event could not be completed due to darkness, and was completed on the next morning, when [[Georgios Orphanidis]] was celebrated as the champion.
+The Paine brothers did not compete in the 25 metre pistol event, as their weapons were judged to be not of the required calibre. In their absence, [[Ioannis Frangoudis]] won. Frangoudis also placed second in the final event, the free rifle, held on the same day. However, the event could not be completed due to darkness, and was completed on the next morning, when [[Georgios Orfanidis]] was celebrated as the champion.
 ===Swimming===

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, December 7, 2007
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		+	[[Category:1896]]

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 During the 19th century, several minor sports festivals named after the Ancient Olympic Games were held in a few European countries. Pierre de Coubertin also had the idea to revive the Olympics, but as an international and multi-sport event. He presented his ideas at an 1894 congress held in the Sorbonne, Paris, with delegates from sports societies of 11 countries present.
-After it had been decided to revive the Olympics, a host city for these first Olympics had to be selected. De Coubertin's idea was to hold these concurrently with the Universal Exposition of 1900 in Paris. Concerned that a six-year waiting period might lessen the interest in the Olympics, the congress decided to hold the first Olympics in 1896. Several congress members suggested London as the location, but after a brief talk with Greek delegate [[Demetrios Vikelas]] De Coubertin put [[Athens]] forward as a possibility. Greece being the original home of the Olympics, the congress unanimously approved the proposal. Vikelas was elected as the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee (IOC).
+After it had been decided to revive the Olympics, a host city for these first Olympics had to be selected. De Coubertin's idea was to hold these concurrently with the Universal Exposition of 1900 in Paris. Concerned that a six-year waiting period might lessen the interest in the Olympics, the congress decided to hold the first Olympics in 1896. Several congress members suggested London as the location, but after a brief talk with Greek delegate [[Dimitrios Vikelas]] De Coubertin put [[Athens]] forward as a possibility. Greece being the original home of the Olympics, the congress unanimously approved the proposal. Vikelas was elected as the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee (IOC).
 ==Organization==

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 The track cycling events were held at the newly built [[Neo Phaliron Velodrome]]. Only one road event was held, a race from Athens to Marathon and back (87 kilometres).
-Frenchman Paul Masson was the best cyclist on the track, winning the one lap time trial, the sprint event, and the 10,000 metres. In the 100 kilometres event, Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng. Flameng won the event, after a fall, and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem. The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12 hours race, which was completed by only two cyclists, while the road race event was won by [[Aristidis Konstantinidis]].
+Frenchman Paul Masson was the best cyclist on the track, winning the one lap time trial, the sprint event, and the 10,000 metres. In the 100 kilometres event, Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng. Flameng won the event, after a fall, and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem. The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12 hours race, which was completed by only two cyclists, while the road race event was won by [[Aristides Konstantinidis]].
 ===Fencing===

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 # '''Australia''' &ndash; Despite Australia's lack of independence from the British Empire, the results of Teddy Flack are typically given with him listed as Australian.
-# '''Austria''' &ndash; Austria was part of Austria-Hungary at the time, though the results of [[Austria]]n athletes are typically reported separately.
+# '''Austria''' &ndash; Austria was part of Austria-Hungary at the time, though the results of Austrian athletes are typically reported separately.
 # '''Bulgaria''' &ndash; The Bulgarian NOC claims that gymnast Charles Champaud was competing as a Bulgarian.<ref name=Bulgaria>[http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 Bulgarian Olympic Committee]</ref>  Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria.  Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss.<ref name=Bulgaria2>[http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/gym1896.html De Wael's Complete Olympians]</ref>
-# '''Chile''' &ndash; The Chilean NOC claims to have had one athlete, [[Luis Subercaseaux]], compete in the 100, 400, and 800 metre races in the athletics programme.<ref name=Chile>[http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm Comité Olympico de Chile]</ref>  No further details are given.  No mention is made of Subersaceaux in Mallon, de Wael, or the Official Report.
+# '''Chile''' &ndash; The Chilean NOC claims to have had one athlete, Luis Subercaseaux, compete in the 100, 400, and 800 metre races in the athletics programme.<ref name=Chile>[http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm Comité Olympico de Chile]</ref>  No further details are given.  No mention is made of Subersaceaux in Mallon, de Wael, or the Official Report.
 # '''Denmark'''
 # '''France'''

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 ==Opening ceremony==
-On [[6 April]], the Games of the First Olympiad were officially opened. It was [[Easter Monday]] for the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], Catholic and Protestant churches, and was also the anniversary of the outbreak of the [[War of Independence|war for Greek independence]].
+On [[6 April]], the Games of the First Olympiad were officially opened. It was Easter Monday for the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], Catholic and Protestant churches, and was also the anniversary of the outbreak of the [[War of Independence|war for Greek independence]].
-The [[Panathenaic stadium]] was filled, with an estimated 80,000 spectators including King [[George I of Greece]], his wife [[Queen Olga|Olga]], and their sons. Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation. After a speech by the president of the organizing committee, [[King Constantine I|Crown Prince Constantine]], his father officially opened the Games:
+The [[Panathenaic stadium]] was filled, with an estimated 80,000 spectators including [[King George I]] of [[Greece]], his wife [[Queen Olga|Olga]], and their sons. Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation. After a speech by the president of the organizing committee, [[King Constantine I|Crown Prince Constantine]], his father officially opened the Games:
 :''"I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens. Long live the Nation. Long live the Greek people."''
@@ Line 208: / Line 208: @@
 ===Further reading===
-* Greenberg, Stan The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats Guinness (Enfield 1996) ISBN 0-85112-639-1
+* Greenberg, Stan ''The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats'' Guinness (Enfield 1996) ISBN 0-85112-639-1
-* Kluge, Volker Olympische Sommerspiele: die Chronik I Sportverlag (Berlin 1997) ISBN 3-328-00715-6
+* Kluge, Volker ''Olympische Sommerspiele: die Chronik I'' Sportverlag (Berlin 1997) ISBN 3-328-00715-6
-* Lennartz, Karl (ed.) Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen: Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes Agon (Kassel 1996)
+* Lennartz, Karl (ed.) ''Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen: Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes'' Agon (Kassel 1996)
-* MacAloon, John J This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games The University of Chicago Press (Chicago 1982)
+* MacAloon, John J ''This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games'' The University of Chicago Press (Chicago 1982)
-* Wallechinsky, David The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics Overlook Press (Woodstock 2000) ISBN 1-58567-033-2
+* Wallechinsky, David ''The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics'' Overlook Press (Woodstock 2000) ISBN 1-58567-033-2
 ===External links===

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 ==References==
-* {{cite book | author=Lampros, S.P.; Polites, N.G.; De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, P.J.; & Anninos, C. | title=The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 | publisher=Charles Beck | location=Athens | year=1897 |id=}} (Digitally available at<ref>http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf</ref>)
+* Lampros, S.P.; Polites, N.G.; De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, P.J.; & Anninos, C. The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 Charles Beck (Athens 1897) (Digitally available at<ref>http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf</ref>)
-* {{cite book | author=Mallon, Bill; & Widlund, Ture | title=The 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary | location=Jefferson | publisher=McFarland | year=1998 | id=ISBN 0-7864-0379-9}} (Excerpt available at<ref>http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf</ref>)
+* Mallon, Bill; & Widlund, Ture The 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary Jefferson McFarland 1998 ISBN 0-7864-0379-9 (Excerpt available at<ref>http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf</ref>)
-* {{cite book | author=Smith, Michael Llewellyn | title= Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher=Profile Books | location=London | year = 2004 | id=ISBN 1-86197-342-X}}
+* Smith, Michael Llewellyn Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games Profile Books (London 2004) ISBN 1-86197-342-X
 ===Further reading===
-* {{cite book | author=Greenberg, Stan | title=The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats | publisher=Guinness | location=Enfield | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-85112-639-1}}
+* Greenberg, Stan The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats Guinness (Enfield 1996) ISBN 0-85112-639-1
-* {{cite book | author=Kluge, Volker | title=Olympische Sommerspiele: die Chronik I | publisher=Sportverlag | location=Berlin | year=1997 | id=ISBN 3-328-00715-6}}
+* Kluge, Volker Olympische Sommerspiele: die Chronik I Sportverlag (Berlin 1997) ISBN 3-328-00715-6
-* {{cite book | author=Lennartz, Karl (ed.) | title=Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen: Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes | publisher=Agon | location=Kassel | year=1996 | id=}}
+* Lennartz, Karl (ed.) Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen: Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes Agon (Kassel 1996)
-* {{cite book | author=MacAloon, John J | title=This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher=The University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | year=1982 | id=}}
+* MacAloon, John J This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games The University of Chicago Press (Chicago 1982)
-* {{cite book | author=Wallechinsky, David | title=The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics | publisher=Overlook Press | location=Woodstock | year=2000 | id=ISBN 1-58567-033-2}}
+* Wallechinsky, David The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics Overlook Press (Woodstock 2000) ISBN 1-58567-033-2
 ===External links===
-{{commons|1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Summer Olympics}}
 * [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896 International Olympic Committee (IOC) page on the 1896 Summer Olympics.]
 * [http://www.fhw.gr/olympics/ancient/en/303.html A chronicle of the 1896 Summer Olympics.]

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 {| {{RankedMedalTable}}
 |-
-| 1 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|USA|1896 Summer}} ||| 11 || 7 || 2 || 20
+| 1 ||align=left| USA ||| 11 || 7 || 2 || 20
 |- bgcolor=ccccff
-| 2 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|GRE|1896 Summer}} (host nation) || 10 || 17 || 19 || 46
+| 2 ||align=left| [[Greece]] (host nation) || 10 || 17 || 19 || 46
 |-
-| 3 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|GER|1896 Summer}} || 6 || 5 || 2 || 13
+| 3 ||align=left| Germany || 6 || 5 || 2 || 13
 |-
-| 4 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1896 Summer}} || 5 || 4 || 2 || 11
+| 4 ||align=left| France || 5 || 4 || 2 || 11
 |-
-| 5 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|GBR|1896 Summer}} || 2 || 3 || 2 || 7
+| 5 ||align=left| Great Britain || 2 || 3 || 2 || 7
 |-
-| 6 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|HUN|1896 Summer}} || 2 || 1 || 3 || 6
+| 6 ||align=left| Hungary || 2 || 1 || 3 || 6
 |-
-| 7 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|AUT|1896 Summer}} || 2 || 1 || 2 || 5
+| 7 ||align=left| Austria || 2 || 1 || 2 || 5
 |-
-| 8 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|AUS|1896 Summer}} || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2
+| 8 ||align=left| Australia || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2
 |-
-| 9 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|DEN|1896 Summer}} || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
+| 9 ||align=left| Denmark || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
 |-
-| 10 ||align=left| {{flagIOC|SUI|1896 Summer}} || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
+| 10 ||align=left| Switzerland || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
 |}

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 Sources conflict as to which nations competed.  The International Olympic Committee gives a figure of 14, but no list.  The following 14 are most likely the ones which the IOC figure includes.  Some sources list 12, excluding Chile  and Bulgaria; others list 13, including those two but excluding Italy.  Egypt is also sometimes included, as [[Dionysios Kasdaglis]] was Greek-Egyptian and living in Egypt.
-# Australia &ndash; Despite Australia's lack of independence from the British Empire, the results of Teddy Flack are typically given with him listed as Australian.
+# '''Australia''' &ndash; Despite Australia's lack of independence from the British Empire, the results of Teddy Flack are typically given with him listed as Australian.
-# {{flagIOC|AUT|1896 Summer}} &ndash; Austria was part of Austria-Hungary at the time, though the results of [[Austria]]n athletes are typically reported separately.
+# '''Austria''' &ndash; Austria was part of Austria-Hungary at the time, though the results of [[Austria]]n athletes are typically reported separately.
-# {{flagIOC|BUL|1896 Summer}} &ndash; The Bulgarian NOC claims that gymnast Charles Champaud was competing as a Bulgarian.<ref name=Bulgaria>[http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 Bulgarian Olympic Committee]</ref>  Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria.  Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss.<ref name=Bulgaria2>[http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/gym1896.html De Wael's Complete Olympians]</ref>
+# '''Bulgaria''' &ndash; The Bulgarian NOC claims that gymnast Charles Champaud was competing as a Bulgarian.<ref name=Bulgaria>[http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 Bulgarian Olympic Committee]</ref>  Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria.  Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss.<ref name=Bulgaria2>[http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/gym1896.html De Wael's Complete Olympians]</ref>
-# {{flagIOC|CHI|1896 Summer}} &ndash; The Chilean NOC claims to have had one athlete, [[Luis Subercaseaux]], compete in the 100, 400, and 800 metre races in the athletics programme.<ref name=Chile>[http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm Comité Olympico de Chile]</ref>  No further details are given.  No mention is made of Subersaceaux in Mallon, de Wael, or the Official Report.
+# '''Chile''' &ndash; The Chilean NOC claims to have had one athlete, [[Luis Subercaseaux]], compete in the 100, 400, and 800 metre races in the athletics programme.<ref name=Chile>[http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm Comité Olympico de Chile]</ref>  No further details are given.  No mention is made of Subersaceaux in Mallon, de Wael, or the Official Report.
-# {{flagIOC|DEN|1896 Summer}}
+# '''Denmark'''
-# {{flagIOC|FRA|1896 Summer}}
+# '''France'''
-# {{flagIOC|GER|1896 Summer}}
+# '''Germany'''
-# {{flagIOC|GBR|1896 Summer}} &ndash; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has historically maintained separate athletic organizations for each of its constituent kingdoms.  The major exception to this has been the Olympic Games, in which the country is considered as a single entity.  However, it has conventionally used the name "Great Britain" at the Olympics rather than the more common shortening of the name to "the United Kingdom".
+# '''Great Britain''' &ndash; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has historically maintained separate athletic organizations for each of its constituent kingdoms.  The major exception to this has been the Olympic Games, in which the country is considered as a single entity.  However, it has conventionally used the name "Great Britain" at the Olympics rather than the more common shortening of the name to "the United Kingdom".
-# {{flagIOC|GRE|1896 Summer}} &ndash; [[Greece|Greek]] results typically include the results of competitors from [[Cyprus]] and [[Smyrna]].  Occasionally, Kasdaglis of Egypt is also included in the Greek count.
+# '''[[Greece]]''' &ndash; Greek results typically include the results of competitors from [[Cyprus]] and [[Smyrna]].  Occasionally, Kasdaglis of Egypt is also included in the Greek count.
-#* Cyprus &ndash; Some sources give [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] results separately, though most count [[Anastasios Andreou]], a Greek-Cypriot and the only athlete from Cyprus, as Greek.  Cyprus was a protectorate of the United Kingdom at the time.
+#* '''[[Cyprus]]''' &ndash; Most sources count [[Anastasios Andreou]], a Greek-Cypriot and the only athlete from Cyprus, as Greek.  Cyprus was a protectorate of the United Kingdom at the time.
-#* Smyrna &ndash; The two athletes from [[Smyrna]] are nearly always included in the Greek listings, similarly to the Cypriot athlete.
+#* '''[[Smyrna]]''' &ndash; The two athletes from [[Smyrna]] are nearly always included in the Greek listings, similarly to the Cypriot athlete.
-# {{flagIOC|HUN|1896 Summer}} &ndash; Hungary is usually listed separately from Austria, despite the two being formally joined as Austria-Hungary at the time.  However, Hungarian results are considered to include those of athletes from Vojvodina (now part of Serbia) and Slovakia.
+# '''Hungary''' &ndash; Hungary is usually listed separately from Austria, despite the two being formally joined as Austria-Hungary at the time.  However, Hungarian results are considered to include those of athletes from Vojvodina (now part of Serbia) and Slovakia.
-# {{flagIOC|ITA|1896 Summer}}
+# '''Italy'''
-# {{flagIOC|SWE|1896 Summer}}
+# '''Sweden'''
-# {{flagIOC|SUI|1896 Summer}}
+# '''Switzerland'''
-# {{flagIOC|USA|1896 Summer}}
+# '''USA'''
 ===Entered nations that did not compete===