Ancient Greece - Revision history

Irlandos: /* Religion and mythology */

2012-02-18T22:28:49Z

Religion and mythology

Irlandos: /* Roman Greece */

2008-11-12T14:40:59Z

Roman Greece

Irlandos: /* Archaic period */

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Archaic period

Irlandos: /* Greek Dark Ages */

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Greek Dark Ages

Irlandos: /* Education */

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Education

Irlandos: /* Social structure */

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Social structure

Irlandos: /* Art */

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Art

Irlandos: /* External links */

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External links

Irlandos: /* External links */

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External links

Irlandos: /* Warfare */

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Warfare

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 ===Religion and mythology===
-Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their [[Family tree of the Greek gods|gods]] and [[hero]]es, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their  religious practices. The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians, [[Zeus]], his wife [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]], [[Ares]], [[Hermes]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Athena]], [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Demeter]], and [[Hestia]]. Other important deities included [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Helios]], [[Hades]], [[Dionysus]], [[Persephone]] and [[Heracles]] (a demi-god). Zeus' parents were [[Kronos]] and [[Rhea]] who also were the parents of Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter.
+Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their [[Olympian gods|gods]] and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their  religious practices. The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians, [[Zeus]], his wife [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]], [[Ares]], [[Hermes]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Athena]], [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Demeter]], and [[Hestia]]. Other important deities included [[Hebe]], [[Helios]], [[Hades]], [[Dionysus]], [[Persephone]] and [[Heracles]] (a demi-god). Zeus' parents were [[Kronos]] and [[Rhea]] who also were the parents of Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter.
 ==See also==

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	===Roman Greece===		===Roman Greece===
		+	See [[Roman Greece]]

	==Colonies==		==Colonies==

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 The first half of the 7th century also seems to have seen the rise of a mercantile class, shown by the introduction of [[Ancient Greek coinage|coinage]] in about 680 BC).  This seems to have introduced tension to many city states. The aristocratic regimes which generally governed the poleis were threatened by the new-found wealth of merchants, who in turn desired political power. From 650 BC onwards, the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by populist tyrants. The word derives from the non-pejorative Greek τύραννος ''tyrannos'', meaning 'illegitimate ruler', although this was applicable to both good and bad leaders alike.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tyrant Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tyrant tyrant—Definitions from Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-A growing population and shortage of land also seems to have created internal strife between the poor and the rich in many city states. In [[Sparta]], the [[Messenian Wars]] resulted in the conquest of [[Messenia]] and enserfment of the Messenians, beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC, an act without precedent or antecedent in ancient Greece. This practice allowed a social revolution to occur.<ref> Holland T. Persian Fire p69-70. ISBN 978-0-349-11717-1 </ref> The subjugated population, thenceforth known as [[helots]], would farm and labour for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the [[Spartan Army]] in a permanently militarized state. Even the elite were obliged to live and train as soldiers; this equality between rich and poor served to diffuse the social conflict. These reforms, attributed to the shadowy [[Lycurgus of Sparta]] were probably complete by 650 BC.
+A growing population and shortage of land also seems to have created internal strife between the poor and the rich in many city states. In [[Sparta]], the [[Messenian Wars]] resulted in the conquest of [[Messenia]] and enserfment of the Messenians, beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC, an act without precedent or antecedent in ancient Greece. This practice allowed a social revolution to occur.<ref> Holland T. Persian Fire p69-70. ISBN 978-0-349-11717-1 </ref> The subjugated population, thenceforth known as [[helots]], would farm and labour for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the [[Spartan Army]] in a permanently militarized state. Even the elite were obliged to live and train as soldiers; this equality between rich and poor served to diffuse the social conflict. These reforms, attributed to the shadowy [[Lycurgus]] were probably complete by 650 BC.
-Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century, again resulting in civil strife. The [[Archon of Athens|Archon]] (chief magistrate) [[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]] made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC (hence Draconian), but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually the moderate reforms of [[Solon]] (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor, but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.
+Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century, again resulting in civil strife. The [[Archon of Athens|Archon]] (chief magistrate) [[Draco]] made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC (hence Draconian), but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually the moderate reforms of [[Solon]] (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor, but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.
 By the 6th century BC several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens, Sparta, [[Corinth]], and [[Thebes]]. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well.

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 ===Greek Dark Ages===
-The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is known as the [[Greek Dark Ages]] following the Bronze Age collapse from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as [[Herodotus]]' ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' ''Description of Greece'', [[Diodorus Siculus]]' ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'', and [[Jerome]]'s ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]'' contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period.
+The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is known as the [[Greek Dark Ages]] following the Bronze Age collapse from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as [[Herodotus]]' ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' ''Description of Greece'', Diodorus Siculus' ''Bibliotheca historica'', and Jerome's ''Chronicon]]'' contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period.
 ===Archaic period===

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 Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care by a ''paidagogos'', a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day. Classes were held in teachers' private houses and included reading, writing, mathematics, singing, and playing of the lyre and flute. When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports as wrestling, running, and throwing discus and javelin. In Athens some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture, sciences, music, and the arts. The schooling ended at the age of 18, followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years.<ref>Angus Konstam: "Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece", pp. 94-95. Thalamus publishing, UK, 2003, ISBN 1-904668-16-x</ref>
-A small number of boys continued their education after childhood, as in the Spartan [[agoge]]. A crucial part of a wealthy teenager's education was a mentorship with an elder, which in few places and times may have included [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic]] love. The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the ''[[agora]]'', helping him perform his public duties, exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him. The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers. Some of Athens' greatest such schools included the [[Lyceum]] (the so-called [[Peripatetic school]] founded by [[Aristotle]] of [[Stageira]]) and  the [[Platonic Academy]] (founded by [[Plato]] of Athens). The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called [[Paideia]].
+A small number of boys continued their education after childhood, as in the Spartan [[agoge]]. A crucial part of a wealthy teenager's education was a mentorship with an elder. The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the ''[[agora]]'', helping him perform his public duties, exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him. The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers. Some of Athens' greatest such schools included the [[Lyceum]] (the so-called [[Peripatetic school]] founded by [[Aristotle]] of [[Stageira]]) and  the [[Platonic Academy]] (founded by [[Plato]] of Athens). The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called [[Paideia]].
 ===Economy===

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 ===Social structure===
-Only free, land owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a [[city-state]] (later [[Pericles]] introduced exceptions to the native-born restriction). In most city-states, unlike [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], social prominence did not allow special rights. For example, being born in a certain family generally brought no special privileges. Sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. In [[Athens]], the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. In [[Sparta]], all male citizens were given the title of equal if they finished their education. However, Spartan kings, who served as the city-state's dual military and religious leaders, came from two families. [[Slavery in ancient Greece|Slaves]] had no power or status. They had the right to have a family and own property, however they had no political rights. By 600 BC [[chattel slavery]] had spread in [[Greece]]. By the 5th century BC slaves made up one-third of the total population in some city-states. Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize.
+Most families owned slaves as household servants and labourers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome, freedmen (slaves who were freed) did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of ''[[metic]]s'', which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state.
-City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for [[Coin counterfeiting|counterfeit coinage]], while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's [[List of Greek mythological figures|deity]].
+City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for counterfeit coinage, while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's [[List of Greek mythological figures|deity]].
 Sparta had a special type of slaves called ''[[helots]]''. Helots were Greek war captives owned by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as [[hoplite]]s. Their masters treated them harshly and helots often resorted to slave rebellions.

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 ===Art===
+See [[Art in ancient Greece]]
 ===Religion and mythology===

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 ==External links==
 *[http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr0000e.shtml The Canadian Museum of Civilization—Greece Secrets of the Past]
-*[http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk Ancient Greece] website from the [[British Museum]]
+*[http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk Ancient Greece] website from the British Museum
 *[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/engen.greece Economic history of ancient Greece]
 *[http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/currency/greekcoinshistory.asp?sec=4 The Greek currency history]

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 *[http://www.limenoscope.ntua.gr/index.cgi?lan=en Limenoscope], an Ancient Greek Ports database
 *[http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/home.htm The Ancient Theatre Archive], Greek and Roman theatre architecture
-*[http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/lectures/history/history.shtm Illustrated Greek History]—Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, [[Hampden-Sydney College]], Virginia
+*[http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/lectures/history/history.shtm Illustrated Greek History]—Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, Hampden-Sydney College, Virginia

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	After the rise of the democracy in Athens, other city-states founded democracies. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. This was a form of diarchy. The [[Kings of Sparta]] belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids, descendants respectively of [[Eurysthenes]] and [[Procles]]. Both dynasty founders were believed to be twin sons of [[Aristodemus]], a [[Heracleidae\|Heraclid]] ruler. However, the powers of these kings was trammeled by both a council of elders (the ''[[Gerousia]]'') and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings (the ''[[Ephor]]s'').		After the rise of the democracy in Athens, other city-states founded democracies. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. This was a form of diarchy. The [[Kings of Sparta]] belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids, descendants respectively of [[Eurysthenes]] and [[Procles]]. Both dynasty founders were believed to be twin sons of [[Aristodemus]], a [[Heracleidae\|Heraclid]] ruler. However, the powers of these kings was trammeled by both a council of elders (the ''[[Gerousia]]'') and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings (the ''[[Ephor]]s'').

−	~~===Warfare===~~

−	~~{{Main\|Ancient Greek warfare\|Army of ancient Macedon}}~~

	===Social structure===		===Social structure===