Aristotle - Revision history

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External links

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Specific editions

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External links

Irlandos: /* Methodology */

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Methodology

Irlandos: /* Aristotle as philosopher and tutor */

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Aristotle as philosopher and tutor

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References

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References

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References

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References

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 [[Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians]]
 [[Category:Ancient philosophers]]
 [[Category:Aristotle]]

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 === Specific editions===
-* Princeton University Press: ''The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation'' (2 Volume Set; Bollingen Series, Vol. LXXI, No. 2), edited by [[Jonathan Barnes]] ISBN 0-691-09950-2 (The most complete recent translation of Aristotle's extant works)
+* Princeton University Press: ''The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation'' (2 Volume Set; Bollingen Series, Vol. LXXI, No. 2), edited by Jonathan Barnes ISBN 0-691-09950-2 (The most complete recent translation of Aristotle's extant works)
 * Oxford University Press: ''Clarendon Aristotle Series''.   [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/series/ClarendonAristotleSeries/?view=usa Scholarly edition]
 * Harvard University Press: ''[[Loeb Classical Library#Aristotle|Loeb Classical Library]]'' (hardbound; publishes in Greek, with English translations on facing pages)

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 [[Category:384 BC births|Aristotle]]
 [[Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians]]
-[[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers]]
+[[Category:Ancient philosophers]]
 [[Category:Aristotelian philosophers]]
 [[Category:Aristotle]]

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 == Methodology ==
-Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is [[actual]]". Plato had defined it as the "science of the idea", meaning by idea what we should call the unconditional basis of phenomena. Both pupil and master regard philosophy as concerned with the universal; Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, and called it the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things, and is related to them as their prototype or exemplar. For Aristotle, therefore, philosophic method implies the ascent from the study of particular phenomena to the knowledge of essences, while for Plato philosophic method means the descent from a knowledge of universal ideas to a contemplation of particular imitations of those ideas. In a certain sense, Aristotle's method is both inductive and deductive, while Plato's is essentially deductive.
+Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual". Plato had defined it as the "science of the idea", meaning by idea what we should call the unconditional basis of phenomena. Both pupil and master regard philosophy as concerned with the universal; Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, and called it the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things, and is related to them as their prototype or exemplar. For Aristotle, therefore, philosophic method implies the ascent from the study of particular phenomena to the knowledge of essences, while for Plato philosophic method means the descent from a knowledge of universal ideas to a contemplation of particular imitations of those ideas. In a certain sense, Aristotle's method is both inductive and deductive, while Plato's is essentially deductive.
-In Aristotle's terminology, the term ''natural philosophy'' corresponds to the phenomena of the natural world, which include: motion, light and the laws of physics. Many centuries later these subjects would become the basis of modern science, as studied through the [[scientific method]]. In modern times the term ''philosophy'' has come to be more narrowly understood as metaphysics, distinct from empirical study of the natural world via the physical sciences.  In contrast, in Aristotle's time and use philosophy was taken to encompass all facets of intellectual inquiry.
+In Aristotle's terminology, the term ''natural philosophy'' corresponds to the phenomena of the natural world, which include: motion, light and the laws of physics. Many centuries later these subjects would become the basis of modern science, as studied through the scientific method. In modern times the term ''philosophy'' has come to be more narrowly understood as metaphysics, distinct from empirical study of the natural world via the physical sciences.  In contrast, in Aristotle's time and use philosophy was taken to encompass all facets of intellectual inquiry.
 In the larger sense of the word, he makes philosophy coextensive with reasoning, which he also called "science". Note, however, that his use of the term ''science'' carries a different meaning than that which is covered by the scientific method.  "All science (''dianoia'') is either practical, poetical or theoretical." By practical science he understands ethics and politics; by poetical, he means the study of poetry and the other fine arts; while by theoretical philosophy he means physics, mathematics, and metaphysics.
-The last, philosophy in the stricter sense, he defines as "the knowledge of [[immaterial]] being," and calls it "first philosophy", "the theologic science" or of "being in the highest degree of abstraction." If logic, or, as Aristotle calls it, Analytic, be regarded as a study preliminary to philosophy, we have as divisions of Aristotelian philosophy (1) Logic; (2) Theoretical Philosophy, including Metaphysics, Physics, Mathematics, (3) Practical Philosophy; and (4) Poetical Philosophy.
+The last, philosophy in the stricter sense, he defines as "the knowledge of immaterial being," and calls it "first philosophy", "the theologic science" or of "being in the highest degree of abstraction." If logic, or, as Aristotle calls it, Analytic, be regarded as a study preliminary to philosophy, we have as divisions of Aristotelian philosophy (1) Logic; (2) Theoretical Philosophy, including Metaphysics, Physics, Mathematics, (3) Practical Philosophy; and (4) Poetical Philosophy.
 ==Aristotle's epistemology==

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 After the death of Plato ([[347 BC]]), Aristotle was considered as the next head of the Academy, a position that was eventually awarded to Plato's nephew. Aristotle then went with Xenocrates to the court of [[Hermias]], ruler of [[Atarneus]] in [[Asia Minor]], and married his niece and adopted daughter, Pythia. In [[344 BC]], Hermias was murdered in a rebellion, and Aristotle went with his family to [[Mytilene]]. Then, one or two years later, he was summoned to [[Pella]], the Macedonian capital, by King [[Philip II of Macedon]] to become the tutor of [[Alexander the Great]], who was then 13.
-[[Plutarch]] wrote that Aristotle not only imparted to Alexander a knowledge of ethics and politics, but also of the most profound secrets of philosophy. We have much proof that Alexander profited by contact with the philosopher, and that Aristotle made prudent and beneficial use of his influence over the young prince (although [[Bertrand Russell]] disputes this). Due to this influence, Alexander provided Aristotle with ample means for the acquisition of books and the pursuit of his scientific investigation.
+[[Plutarch]] wrote that Aristotle not only imparted to Alexander a knowledge of ethics and politics, but also of the most profound secrets of philosophy. We have much proof that Alexander profited by contact with the philosopher, and that Aristotle made prudent and beneficial use of his influence over the young prince (although Bertrand Russell disputes this). Due to this influence, Alexander provided Aristotle with ample means for the acquisition of books and the pursuit of his scientific investigation.
 It is possible that Aristotle also participated in the education of Alexander's boyhood friends, which may have included for example [[Hephaestion]] and [[Harpalus]]. Aristotle maintained a long correspondence with Hephaestion, eventually collected into a book, unfortunately now lost.

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 * Sir David Ross Aristotle Routledge 6th ed. London 1995 An classic overview by one of Aristotle's most important English translators, in print since 1923.
-* Henry Osborn Taylor Greek Biology and Medicine 1922 Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology
+* Henry Osborn Taylor Greek Biology and Medicine 1922 Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology   http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html
 * William Turner The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I: "Aristotle" Robert Appleton Company 1907

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 * Guthrie W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6 Cambridge University Press 1981 A detailed and scholarly work, but very readable.
-* Norman Melchert The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy McGraw Hill
+* Norman Melchert The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy McGraw Hill  2002 ISBN 0195175107
 * Lynn E. Rose Aristotle's Syllogistic  Charles C Thomas Publisher Springfield  1968
 * Sir David Ross Aristotle Routledge 6th ed. London 1995 An classic overview by one of Aristotle's most important English translators, in print since 1923.
-* Henry Osborn Taylor
+* Henry Osborn Taylor Greek Biology and Medicine 1922 Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology
-  http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html
+  http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html
- | title = Greek Biology and Medicine
+  * William Turner The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I: "Aristotle" Robert Appleton Company 1907
- | year = 1922
+New York
- | chapter = Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology
- | chapterurl = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html
+* Henry Babcock Veatch Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation Indiana U. Press Bloomington 1974
-  }}
+For the general reader.
 ==External links==

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 ==External links==
 *[http://Aristotle.thefreelibrary.com/ A brief biography and e-texts presented one chapter at a time]
 *[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aristotle.], 2004.
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 *[http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0505172 Aristotle and Indian logic]
 *O'Connor, J. John & Robertson, Edmund F., [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Aristotle.html Aristotle], 2004.
-*{{PerseusAuthor|Aristotle}}
 *[http://www.greektexts.com/library/Aristotle/index.html Large collection of Aristotle's texts, presented page by page]
 *[http://www.greek-literature-online.com/aristotle/ Read Aristotle's works online]
 *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01713a.htm Source of most of the Biography and Methodology sections, as well as more overview]
-* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Aristotle}}
 *[http://www.shvoong.com/books/history/119724-constitution-athens/ a summary of "The Constitution of Athens"]

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 Needless to say, the secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following references are only a small selection.
-* {{cite book
+* Mortimer Adler Aristotle for Everybody Macmillan New York 1978 A popular exposition for the general reader.
-  | last = Adler | first = Mortimer J.
+* I. M. Bocheński Ancient Formal Logic North-Holland Publishing Company Amsterdam 1951
-  | authorlink = Mortimer Adler
-  | title=[[Aristotle for Everybody]]
+* Guthrie W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6 Cambridge University Press 1981 A detailed and scholarly work, but very readable.
-  | publisher=Macmillan
+* Norman Melchert The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy McGraw Hill
-  | location = New York
+ISBN 0195175107
-  | year=1978
+* Lynn E. Rose Aristotle's Syllogistic  Charles C Thomas Publisher Springfield  1968
-}} A popular exposition for the general reader.
-* {{cite book
+* Sir David Ross Aristotle Routledge 6th ed. London 1995 An classic overview by one of Aristotle's most important English translators, in print since 1923.
-  | last = Bocheński | first = I. M.
+* Henry Osborn Taylor
-  | authorlink = I. M. Bocheński
+  http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html
   | title = Greek Biology and Medicine
   | year = 1922