Byzantine Creation Era - Revision history

Angellight 888 at 00:41, July 24, 2009

2009-07-24T00:41:00Z

Angellight 888 at 16:03, July 23, 2009

2009-07-23T16:03:44Z

Angellight 888: cleanup.

2009-07-23T16:01:30Z

cleanup.

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Angellight 888: Links

2009-07-10T01:21:37Z

Links

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Angellight 888: /* Appendix 2: Key Dates according to the Byzantine Era */

2009-07-09T22:33:38Z

Appendix 2: Key Dates according to the Byzantine Era

Angellight 888: /* Appendix 1: Orthodox Observation of Time */

2009-07-09T22:32:26Z

Appendix 1: Orthodox Observation of Time

Angellight 888: Update, more info; minor re-organization; add sources; tighten references.

2009-07-09T22:28:18Z

Update, more info; minor re-organization; add sources; tighten references.

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Irlandos at 12:50, March 23, 2009

2009-03-23T12:50:17Z

Angellight 888: new article

2009-02-21T05:50:55Z

new article

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← Older revision		Revision as of 00:41, July 24, 2009
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−	The '''Byzantine Creation Era''', also ''' ''"Creation Era of Constantinople,"'' ''' or ''' ''"Era of the World"'' ''' ([[Greek language\|Greek]]: ''' ''Έτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατά 'Ρωμαίους'' ''',<ref>Pavel Kuzenkov. ''How Old is The World? The Byzantine Era and its Rivals''. Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=YWec0i621ekC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21-26 August, 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications].''' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23-24.</ref> also ''' ''Έτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου'' ''' or ''' ''Έτος Κόσμου'' ''') was the Calendar officially used by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] from ca. AD 691 to 1728 in the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], by the [[Byzantine Empire]]<ref>i.e. '''Eastern Roman Empire'''. The term Byzantine was invented by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf in 1557 but was popularized by French scholars during the 18th century to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire. The citizens of the empire considered themselves ''Romaioi'' ("Romans"), their emperor was the "Roman Emperor", and their empire the ''Basileia ton Romaion'' ("Empire of the Romans"). The Latin West designated the empire as "Romania", and the Muslims as "Rum".</ref> from AD 988 to [[1453]], and in [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Church_of_Russia Holy Russia] from ca. AD 988 to 1700. Its year one, the date of creation, was [[September 1]], 5509 BC to [[August 31]], 5508 BC.	+	The '''Byzantine Creation Era''', also ''' ''"Creation Era of Constantinople,"'' ''' or ''' ''"Era of the World"'' ''' ([[Greek language\|Greek]]: ''' ''Έτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατά 'Ρωμαίους'' ''',<ref>Pavel Kuzenkov. ''How Old is The World? The Byzantine Era and its Rivals''. Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=YWec0i621ekC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21-26 August, 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications].''' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23-24.</ref> also ''' ''Έτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου'' ''' or ''' ''Έτος Κόσμου'' ''') was the Calendar officially used by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] from ca. AD 691 to 1728 in the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], by the [[Byzantine Empire]]<ref>i.e. '''Eastern Roman Empire'''. The term Byzantine was invented by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf in 1557 but was popularized by French scholars during the 18th century to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire. The citizens of the empire considered themselves ''Romaioi'' ("Romans"), their emperor was the "Roman Emperor", and their empire the ''Basileia ton Romaion'' ("Empire of the Romans"). The Latin West designated the empire as "Romania", and the Muslims as "Rum".</ref> from AD 988 to [[1453]], and in [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Church_of_Russia Holy Russia] from ca. AD 988 to 1700. Its year one, the supposed date of creation, was [[September 1]], 5509 BC to [[August 31]], 5508 BC.

	Derived from the [[Septuagint]] version of the Bible, it placed the date of creation at 5,509 years before the Incarnation, and was characterized by a certain tendency which had already been a tradition amongst Hebrews and Jews to number the years ''from the foundation of the world''<ref>The phrase ''"Apo Kataboles Kosmou"'' (''"from the foundation of the world"'') occurs in Matthew 25:34, Luke 11:50, Hebrews 4:3, 9:26, and Revelation 13:8, 17:8.</ref> (Greek - ''‘Etos Kosmou/Apo Kataboles Kosmou’'', or Latin - ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi Annus Mundi]/‘Ab Origine Mundi’'' ('''AM''')).		Derived from the [[Septuagint]] version of the Bible, it placed the date of creation at 5,509 years before the Incarnation, and was characterized by a certain tendency which had already been a tradition amongst Hebrews and Jews to number the years ''from the foundation of the world''<ref>The phrase ''"Apo Kataboles Kosmou"'' (''"from the foundation of the world"'') occurs in Matthew 25:34, Luke 11:50, Hebrews 4:3, 9:26, and Revelation 13:8, 17:8.</ref> (Greek - ''‘Etos Kosmou/Apo Kataboles Kosmou’'', or Latin - ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi Annus Mundi]/‘Ab Origine Mundi’'' ('''AM''')).

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 The '''Byzantine Creation Era''', also ''' ''"Creation Era of Constantinople,"'' ''' or  ''' ''"Era of the World"'' ''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''' ''Έτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατά 'Ρωμαίους'' ''',<ref>Pavel Kuzenkov. ''How Old is The World? The Byzantine Era and its Rivals''. Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=YWec0i621ekC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21-26 August, 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications].''' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23-24.</ref> also ''' ''Έτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου'' ''' or ''' ''Έτος Κόσμου'' ''') was the Calendar officially used by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] from ca. AD 691 to 1728 in the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], by the [[Byzantine Empire]]<ref>i.e. '''Eastern Roman Empire'''. The term Byzantine was invented by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf in 1557 but was popularized by French scholars during the 18th century to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire. The citizens of the empire considered themselves ''Romaioi'' ("Romans"), their emperor was the "Roman Emperor", and their empire the ''Basileia ton Romaion'' ("Empire of the Romans"). The Latin West designated the empire as "Romania", and the Muslims as "Rum".</ref> from AD 988 to [[1453]], and in [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Church_of_Russia Holy Russia] from ca. AD 988 to 1700. Its year one, the date of creation, was [[September 1]], 5509 BC to [[August 31]], 5508 BC.
-Derived from the [[Septuagint]], it placed the date of creation at 5,509 years before the Incarnation, and was characterized by a certain tendency which had already been a tradition amongst Hebrews and Jews to number the years ''from the foundation of the world''<ref>The phrase ''"Apo Kataboles Kosmou"''  (''"from the foundation of the world"'') occurs in Matthew 25:34, Luke 11:50, Hebrews 4:3, 9:26, and Revelation 13:8, 17:8.</ref> (Greek - ''‘Etos Kosmou/Apo Kataboles Kosmou’'', or Latin - ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi Annus Mundi]/‘Ab Origine Mundi’'' ('''AM''')).
+Derived from the [[Septuagint]] version of the Bible, it placed the date of creation at 5,509 years before the Incarnation, and was characterized by a certain tendency which had already been a tradition amongst Hebrews and Jews to number the years ''from the foundation of the world''<ref>The phrase ''"Apo Kataboles Kosmou"''  (''"from the foundation of the world"'') occurs in Matthew 25:34, Luke 11:50, Hebrews 4:3, 9:26, and Revelation 13:8, 17:8.</ref> (Greek - ''‘Etos Kosmou/Apo Kataboles Kosmou’'', or Latin - ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi Annus Mundi]/‘Ab Origine Mundi’'' ('''AM''')).
 ==History==

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 * 6118 AM (AD 610) - Eastern Roman Empire changed its official language from Latin to Greek.
 * 6200 AM (AD 692) - Quinisext Council; first known official use of the ''Byzantine Era'' for dating.
-* 6496 AM (AD 988) - Official use of the ''Byzantine Era'' by Basil II; [ Conversion of the Rus], ''Byzantine Era'' adopted in Russia.
+* 6496 AM (AD 988) - Official use of the ''Byzantine Era'' by Basil II; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27 Conversion of the Rus], ''Byzantine Era'' adopted in Russia.
 * 6562 AM (AD 1054) - [ Great Schism] occurs between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
 * 6712 AM (AD 1204) - Sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]]; Latin Empire of Constantinople was established.

@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 ==Appendix 1: Orthodox Observation of Time==
-'''Hours of the Liturgical Day'''
+'''Hours of the Liturgical Day'''<br>
 In the Byzantine period the day was divided into two 12-hour cycles fixed by the rising and setting of the sun.
 :"Following Roman custom, the Byzantines began their calendrical day (''nychthemeron'') at midnight with the first hour of day (''hemera'') coming at dawn. The third hour marked midmorning, the sixth hour noon, and the ninth hour midafternoon. Evening (''[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Vespers hespera]]'') began at the 11th hour, and with sunset came the first hour of night (''[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Compline apodeipnon]]''). The interval between sunset and sunrise (''nyx'') was similarly divided into 12 hours as well as the traditional "watches" (''vigiliae'') of Roman times."<ref>Prof. Dr. [http://aha.missouri.edu/people/rautman.html Marcus Louis Rautman]. ''"Time."'' In [http://books.google.ca/books?id=hs3iEyVRHKsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Gynaikeion+church+-flower+-witches&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 ''Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire'']. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp.3</ref>
-'''Days of the Liturgical Week'''
+'''Days of the Liturgical Week'''<br>
 Dr. Marcus Rautman points out that the seven-day week was known throughout the ancient world. The Roman Calendar had assigned one of the planetary deities to each day of the week. The Byzantines naturally avoided using these Latin names with their pagan echoes. They began their week with the "[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Lord%27s_Day Lord's Day]" (Kyriake), followed by an orderly succession of numbered days (Deutera, Trite, Tetarte, and Pempte), a day of "preparation" (Paraskeve), and finally Sabatton.
 :"Each day was devoted to remembering one or more martyrs or saints, whose observed feast days gradually eclipsed traditional festivals. Kyriake was seen as both the first and eighth day of the week, in the same way that [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] was the alpha and omega of the cosmos, existing both before and after time. The second day of the week recognized angels, "the secondary luminaries as the first reflections of the primal outpouring of light," just as the sun and the moon had been observed during the Roman week. [[Saint John the Baptist|John the Baptist]], the forerunner (Prodromos) of Christ, was honored on the third day. Both the second and third days were viewed as occasions for penitence. The fourth and sixth days were dedicated to the [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Cross Cross] with holy songs sung in remembrance of the Crucifixion. The [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] was honored on the fifth day of the week, while the seventh day was set aside for the martyrs of the church."<ref>Prof. Dr. [http://aha.missouri.edu/people/rautman.html Marcus Louis Rautman]. ''"Time."'' In [http://books.google.ca/books?id=hs3iEyVRHKsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Gynaikeion+church+-flower+-witches&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 ''Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire'']. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp.5</ref>

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	[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy]]		[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy]]
	[[Category:Timelines]]		[[Category:Timelines]]
		+	[[Category:Byzantine Empire]]