Constantinople - Revision history

Irlandos: /* Importance of the City in its prime */

2010-10-21T12:56:12Z

Importance of the City in its prime

Irlandos: /* The Comneni and Palaeologi */

2008-05-13T12:38:57Z

The Comneni and Palaeologi

Irlandos: /* The Isaurians */

2008-05-13T12:37:41Z

The Isaurians

Irlandos: /* See also */

2008-01-11T16:25:13Z

Irlandos: /* External links */

2006-10-11T12:35:03Z

External links

Irlandos: /* Importance of the City in its prime */

2006-10-11T12:34:27Z

Importance of the City in its prime

Irlandos: /* Further reading */

2005-12-23T12:06:01Z

Irlandos: /* The Comneni and Palaeologi */

2005-12-23T12:04:06Z

The Comneni and Palaeologi

Irlandos: /* The Comneni and Palaeologi */

2005-12-23T12:00:39Z

The Comneni and Palaeologi

Irlandos: /* The Comneni and Palaeologi */

2005-12-23T10:45:34Z

The Comneni and Palaeologi

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, October 21, 2010
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−	Constantinople was one of the larger and richer urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea. During the Fourth Century AD the Emperor Constantine relocated his eastern capital to Byzantium, hence the name Constantinople (Constantine's City), in an attempt to reinvigorate the Empire. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek speaking empire, short several interregnums, for over a thousand years. As the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman Empire]] (now commonly known as the ''Byzantine Empire''), the Greeks called Constantinople simply "the City", while throughout Europe it was known as the "Queen of Cities." In its heyday, roughly corresponding to what is now known as the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, particularly the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. A Russian 14th-century traveller, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for St Sofia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it". The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in its extensive copying throughout Europe, particular examples include St. Mark's in Venice, the basilica of Ravenna and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the [[solidus]] of [[Diocletian]] becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls (the Theodosian Walls) and urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping a memory alive of the skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. The city, also provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire against the invasions of the 5th century, for Europe against the Arabs, and for European Christendom against Islam. Constantine assured the position of the Bishop or [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] as pre-eminent in the Eastern Empire. This action placed Constantinople at the religious heart of Orthodoxy. The Patriarch of Constantinople is still considered first among equals in the Orthodox Church along with the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and the later Slavic Patriarchs. This position is largely ceremonial but still carries emotional weight.	+	Constantinople was one of the larger and richer urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea. During the Fourth Century AD the Emperor Constantine relocated his eastern capital to Byzantium, hence the name Constantinople (Constantine's City), in an attempt to reinvigorate the Empire. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek speaking empire, short several interregnums, for over a thousand years. As the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman Empire]] (now commonly known as the ''Byzantine Empire''), the Greeks called Constantinople simply "the City", while throughout Europe it was known as the "Queen of Cities." In its heyday, roughly corresponding to what is now known as the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, particularly the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. A Russian 14th-century traveller, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for St Sofia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it". The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in its extensive copying throughout Europe, particular examples include St. Mark's in Venice, the basilica of Ravenna and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the [[solidus]] of [[Diocletian]] becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls (the Theodosian Walls) and urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping a memory alive of the skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. The city, also provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire against the invasions of the 5th century, for Europe against the Arabs, and for European Christendom against Islam. Constantine assured the position of the Bishop or [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] as pre-eminent in the Eastern Empire. This action placed Constantinople at the religious heart of Orthodoxy. The [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] is still considered first among equals in the Orthodox Church along with the Patriarchs of [[Patriarch of Alexandria\|Alexandria]], [[Patriarch of Antioch\|Antioch]] and [[Patriarch of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]], and the later Slavic Patriarchs. This position is largely ceremonial but still carries emotional weight.

	==The Isaurians==		==The Isaurians==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:38, May 13, 2008
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−	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the First Crusade, which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I Comnenus]], and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.	+	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Battle of Manzikert\|Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the First Crusade, which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I Comnenus]], and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.

	==The Ottomans==		==The Ottomans==

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 ==The Isaurians==
-In the eighth and ninth centuries the [[iconoclast]] movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor [[Leo III]] issued a decree in [[726]] against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act which was fiercely resisted by the citizens. [[Constantine V]] convoked a church council in [[754]] which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over. Following the death of his son [[Leo IV]] in [[780]], the empress [[Irene]] restored the veneration of images through the agency of the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in [[787]].
+In the eighth and ninth centuries the [[iconoclast]] movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor [[Leo III]] issued a decree in [[726]] against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act which was fiercely resisted by the citizens. [[Constantine V]] convoked a church council in [[754]] which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over. Following the death of his son [[Leo IV]] in [[780]], the [[Byzantine Empress Irene|empress Irene]] restored the veneration of images through the agency of the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in [[787]].
 ==The Comneni and Palaeologi==

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 * [[University of Constantinople]]
 * the [[Bosporus]]
 ==External links==

@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 *[http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/research/rgouster Welcome to Constantinople], documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople, compiled by Robert Ousterhout, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
-*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/3*.html#1 Constantinople], from ''History of the Later Roman Empire'', by [[J.B. Bury]]
+*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/3*.html#1 Constantinople], from ''History of the Later Roman Empire'', by J.B. Bury
 *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04301a.htm History of Constantinople] from the "New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia."
 *[http://www.byzantium1200.com/ Byzantium 1200], A project aimed at creating computer reconstructions of the Byzantine Monuments located in Istanbul, Turkey as of year 1200 AD.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:34, October 11, 2006
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−	Constantinople was one of the larger and richer urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea. During the Fourth Century AD the Emperor Constantine relocated his eastern capital to Byzantium, hence the name Constantinople (Constantine's City), in an attempt to reinvigorate the Empire. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek speaking empire, short several interregnums, for over a thousand years. As the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman Empire]] (now commonly known as the ''Byzantine Empire''), the Greeks called Constantinople simply "the City", while throughout Europe it was known as the "Queen of Cities." In its heyday, roughly corresponding to what is now known as the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, particularly the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. A Russian 14th-century traveller, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for St Sofia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it". The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in its extensive copying throughout Europe, particular examples include St. Mark's in Venice, the basilica of Ravenna and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the [[~~Solidus (coin)\|~~solidus]] of [[Diocletian]] becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls (the Theodosian Walls) and urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping a memory alive of the skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. The city, also provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire against the invasions of the 5th century, for Europe against the Arabs, and for European Christendom against Islam. Constantine assured the position of the Bishop or [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] as pre-eminent in the Eastern Empire. This action placed Constantinople at the religious heart of Orthodoxy. The Patriarch of Constantinople is still considered first among equals in the Orthodox Church along with the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and the later Slavic Patriarchs. This position is largely ceremonial but still carries emotional weight.	+	Constantinople was one of the larger and richer urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea. During the Fourth Century AD the Emperor Constantine relocated his eastern capital to Byzantium, hence the name Constantinople (Constantine's City), in an attempt to reinvigorate the Empire. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek speaking empire, short several interregnums, for over a thousand years. As the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman Empire]] (now commonly known as the ''Byzantine Empire''), the Greeks called Constantinople simply "the City", while throughout Europe it was known as the "Queen of Cities." In its heyday, roughly corresponding to what is now known as the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, particularly the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. A Russian 14th-century traveller, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for St Sofia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it". The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in its extensive copying throughout Europe, particular examples include St. Mark's in Venice, the basilica of Ravenna and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the [[solidus]] of [[Diocletian]] becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls (the Theodosian Walls) and urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping a memory alive of the skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. The city, also provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire against the invasions of the 5th century, for Europe against the Arabs, and for European Christendom against Islam. Constantine assured the position of the Bishop or [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] as pre-eminent in the Eastern Empire. This action placed Constantinople at the religious heart of Orthodoxy. The Patriarch of Constantinople is still considered first among equals in the Orthodox Church along with the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and the later Slavic Patriarchs. This position is largely ceremonial but still carries emotional weight.

	==The Isaurians==		==The Isaurians==

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 *Jonathan Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople'', Pimlico, 2005. ISBN 1844130800
-*Steven Runciman, ''The Fall of Constantinople, 1453'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1990. ISBN 0521398320
+*Steven Runciman, ''The Fall of Constantinople, 1453'', Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0521398320
 *Philip Mansell, ''Constantinople: City of the World's Desire''

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, December 23, 2005
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−	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the First Crusade, which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I]] ~~Comnenus~~, and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.	+	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the First Crusade, which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I Comnenus]], and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.

	==The Ottomans==		==The Ottomans==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:00, December 23, 2005
Line 67:		Line 67:


−	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the [[First Crusade]], which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I]] Comnenus, and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.	+	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the First Crusade, which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I]] Comnenus, and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.

	==The Ottomans==		==The Ottomans==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, December 23, 2005
Line 67:		Line 67:


−	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in [[Armenia]], his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the [[First Crusade]], which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I]] Comnenus, and moved on towards [[Jerusalem]]. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.	+	Following the catastrophic defeat in [[1071]] of the emperor [[Romanus IV]] Diogenes by the Seljuk Turks at [[Manzikert]] in Armenia, his successor [[Michael VII]] pleaded for assistance from the West. In due course this was to lead to the [[First Crusade]], which assembled at Constantinople in [[1096]] in the reign of [[Alexius I]] Comnenus, and moved on towards Jerusalem. Much of this is documented by the writer and historian [[Anna Comnena]] in her work [[The Alexiad]]. The Crusades were, however, to lead in time to the disastrous capture and sack of Constantinople by soldiers of the [[Fourth Crusade]] on [[April 12]] [[1204]]. For the subsequent half-century or more, Constantinople remained the centre of the Roman Catholic crusader state, set up after the city's capture under [[Baldwin IX]], and which became known as the [[Latin Kingdom]]. During this time, the Byzantine emperors made their capital at nearby [[Nicaea]], which acted as the capital of the temporary, short-lived [[Empire of Nicaea]] and a refuge for refugees from the sacked city of Constantinople. From this base, Constantinople was eventually recaptured from its last Latin ruler, [[Baldwin II of Constantinople\|Baldwin II]], by [[Nicaean Empire\|Byzantine]] forces under [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [[1261]]. The Palaeologi founded a beautiful new imperial palace at [[Blachernae]] in the north-west of the city, the Great Palace subsequently falling into disuse.

	==The Ottomans==		==The Ottomans==