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'''Herodotus''' of [[Halicarnassus]] ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Ηρόδοτος, '''Herodotos''') was an ancient historian who lived in the [[5th century BC]] ([[484 BC]]-ca. [[425 BC]]). He is famous for his writings on the conflict between [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] and Persia, as well as the descriptions he wrote of different places and people he met on his travels.

== Overview ==
Herodotus wrote a history of the Persian invasion of Greece in the early [[fifth century BC]], known simply as ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories of Herodotus]]''. This work was recognized as a new form of literature soon after its publication. Before Herodotus, there had been chronicles and epics, and they too had preserved knowledge of the past. But Herodotus was the first not only to record the past but also to treat it as a philosophical problem, or research project, that could yield knowledge of human behavior.

== Opinions ==
His invention earned him the title ''"The Father of History"'' and the word he used for his achievement, ''historie'', which previously had meant simply "inquiry", passed into Latin and took on its modern connotation of "history" or "story". His nickname was given to him by Cicero.

Conversely, however, many historians and philosophers who take a more sceptical view of Herodotus' accounts and narratives have a different name for him, dubbing him "The Father of Lies" or "the deceiver." In many cases, Herodotus, unsure of the exact history, would give the most prominent competing historical accounts of a particular event or region, and then express his opinion as to which he believed was accurate, with an explanation of why.

''The Histories'' were often attacked in the ancient world for bias, inaccuracy, and plagiarism. Similar attacks have been made by several modern scholars, who argue that Herodotus exaggerated the extent of his travels and fabricated sources. Respect for his accuracy has increased in the last half century, however, and he is now recognized not only as a pioneer in history but in ethnography and anthropology as well.

Herodotus has passed to us information current in his own day: he reports that the annual flooding of the Nile was said to be the result of melting snows far to the south, and comments that he cannot understand how there can be snow in the hottest part of the world. He also passes on reports from [[Phoenician]] sailors from Egypt that while circumnavigating Africa they saw the sun on their right while sailing westwards. Thanks to this passing on of information which he himself did not believe, he has shown us something of the extent of contemporary geographical information.

Published between [[430 BC]] and [[424 BC]], ''The Histories'' were divided by later editors into nine books, named after the [[Muses]]. The first six books deal with the growth of the [[Persian Empire]]. They begin with an account of the first Asian monarch to conquer Greek [[city-states]] and exact tribute, [[Croesus]] of Lydia. Croesus lost his kingdom to [[Cyrus]], the founder of the Persian Empire. The first six books end with the defeat of the Persians in [[490 BC]] at the [[Battle of Marathon]], which was the first setback to their imperial progress. The last three books of ''The Histories'' describe the attempt of the Persian king [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] ten years later to avenge the Persian defeat at Marathon and absorb Greece into the Persian Empire. ''The Histories'' end with the year [[479 BC]], when the Persian invaders were wiped out at the [[Battle of Plataea]] and the frontier of the Persian Empire receded to the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coastline of [[Asia Minor]].

== Herodotus's life ==
As to Herodotus's life, we know that he was exiled from [[Halicarnassus]] after his involvement in an unsuccessful putsch against the ruling dynasty, and he withdrew to the island of [[Samos]]. He seems never to have returned to Halicarnassus, though in his ''Histories'' he appears to be proud of his native city and its queen, [[Artemisia]]. It must have been during his exile that he undertook the journeys that he describes in ''The Histories''. These journeys took him to Egypt, as far south as the first cataract of the Nile, to Babylon, to Ukraine, and to Italy and Sicily. Herodotus mentions an interview with an informant in [[Sparta]], and almost certainly he lived for a period in [[Athens]]. In Athens, he tapped the oral traditions of the prominent families, in particular the [[Alkmaeonidai]], to which [[Pericles]] belonged on his maternal side. But the Athenians did not accept foreigners as citizens, and when Athens sponsored the [[apoikia|colony]] of [[Thurii]] in the instep of Italy in [[444 BC]], Herodotus became a colonist. Whether he died there or not is uncertain.

At some point he became a ''logios'' – that is, a reciter of prose ''logoi'' or stories – and his subject matter was tales of battles, other historical incidents, and the marvels of foreign lands. He made tours of the Greek cities and the major religious and athletic festivals, where he offered performances for which he expected payment. In [[431 BC]], the [[Peloponnesian War]] broke out between [[Athens]] and [[Sparta]]. It may have been that conflict, which divided the Greek world, that inspired him to collect his stories into a continuous narrative – ''The Histories'' – centered on the theme of Persia's imperial progress, which Athens and Sparta as allies had brought to a halt.

The quotation ''Neither rain, nor snow, nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds'' is attributed to Herodotus, describing the Persian "postal" system. The quotation is inscribed on the facade of the New York post office building, and was also used as part of the lyric in Laurie Anderson's [[1981]] hit, O Superman.

== For further reading ==

* Several English translations of ''The Histories of Herodotus'' are readily available in multiple editions. The most readily available are those translated by:
**[[Aubrey de Selincourt]], originally 1954; revised by [[John Marincola]] in 1972. Several editions from [[Penguin Books]] available.
**[[David Grene]], Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
**[[George Rawlinson]], translation 1858-1860. Public domain; many editions available, although [[Everyman Library]] and [[Wordsworth Classics]] editions are the most common ones still in print.

* Evans, J. A. S., ''Herodotus.'' Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.
* —. ''Herodotus, Explorer of the Past: Three Essays.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
* Fehling, Detlev. ''Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art''. Translated by J.G. Howie. Arca Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers, and Monographs, 21. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1989.
* Flory, Stewart, ''The Archaic Smile of Herodotus.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987.
* Fornara, Charles W. ''Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
* Hartog, F., ''The Mirror of Herodotus.'' Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.
* [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1994/94.04.10.html Kwintner, Michelle. ''The Liar School of Herodotus (Review)''. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 1994.]
* Lateiner, D., ''The Historical Method of Herodotus.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.
* Pritchett, W. K., ''The Liar School of Herodotus.'' Amsterdam: Gieben, 1991.
* Thomas, R., 'Herodotus in Context; ethnography, science and the art of persusion'. Oxford University Press 2000.

== See also ==
*''[[Faraon|Pharaoh]]'' (historical novel by [[Boleslaw Prus|Bolesław Prus]], incorporating scenes involving the ancient Egyptian [[Labyrinth]] described in Book II of ''[[The Histories of Herodotus]]'').
*''[[Thucydides]]'', ancient Greek historian who is often said to be "the father of history."

== External links ==
* [http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_herodotus.htm Herodotus] at About.com
* A reconstructed [http://www.reportret.info/gallery/herodotos1.html portrait of Herodotos], based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html The History of Herodotus] at The Internet Classics Archive (translation by George Rawlinson)
* {{gutenberg author| id=Herodotus | name=Herodotus}}
** {{gutenberg|no=2707|name=The History of Herodotus, vol. 1}} (translation by [[George Campbell Macaulay]], [[1852]]-[[1915]])
** {{gutenberg|no=2456|name=The History of Herodotus, vol. 2}}
* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/herodotus/ Herodotus on the Web]
* [http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/herodotus.htm Herodotus for Kids]
* [http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus01.htm Herodotus of Halicarnassus] at Livius.org
* [http://nefer-seba.net/essays/Herodotus-vs-Thucydides.php Comparison of the writings of Herodotus and Thucydides]
* [http://www.greek-literature-online.com/herodotus/ Herodotus' ''The Histories''] translated into English in an easy to read HTML format
* [http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Tales/Inquiries/Herodotus.html Herodotus Inquiries] - new translation with extensive photographic essays of the places and artifacts mentioned by Herodotus hyper-linked to the text

----

''An [http://www.nupedia.com/article/390/ earlier version] of this article by James Allan Evans was posted at [[Nupedia]].''

[[Category:484 BC births|Herodotus]]
[[Category:425 BC deaths|Herodotus]]
[[Category:Ancient Greeks]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek historians]]

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 == See also ==
-*''[[Faraon|Pharaoh]]'' (historical novel by [[Boleslaw Prus|Boles&#322;aw Prus]], incorporating scenes involving the ancient Egyptian [[Labyrinth]] described in Book II of ''[[The Histories of Herodotus]]'').
+*''Pharaoh'' (historical novel by Boleslaw Prus, incorporating scenes involving the ancient Egyptian [[Labyrinth]] described in Book II of ''[[The Histories of Herodotus]]'').
 *''[[Thucydides]]'', ancient Greek historian who is often said to be "the father of history."

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 == Opinions ==
-His invention earned him the title ''"The Father of History"'' and the word he used for his achievement, ''historie'', which previously had meant simply "inquiry", passed into Latin and took on its modern connotation of "history" or "story". His nickname was given to him by Cicero.
+His invention earned him the title ''"The Father of History"'' and the word he used for his achievement, ''historia'', which previously had meant simply "inquiry", passed into Latin and took on its modern connotation of "history" or "story". His nickname was given to him by Cicero.
 Conversely, however, many historians and philosophers who take a more sceptical view of Herodotus' accounts and narratives have a different name for him, dubbing him "The Father of Lies" or "the deceiver." In many cases, Herodotus, unsure of the exact history, would give the most prominent competing historical accounts of a particular event or region, and then express his opinion as to which he believed was accurate, with an explanation of why.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ''The Histories'' were often attacked in the ancient world for bias, inaccuracy, and plagiarism.  Similar attacks have been made by several modern scholars, who argue that Herodotus exaggerated the extent of his travels and fabricated sources. Respect for his accuracy has increased in the last half century, however, and he is now recognized not only as a pioneer in history but in ethnography and anthropology as well.
-Herodotus has passed to us information current in his own day: he reports that the annual flooding of the Nile was said to be the result of melting snows far to the south, and comments that he cannot understand how there can be snow in the hottest part of the world. He also passes on reports from [[Phoenician]] sailors from Egypt that while circumnavigating Africa they saw the sun on their right while sailing westwards. Thanks to this passing on of information which he himself did not believe, he has shown us something of the extent of contemporary geographical information.
+Herodotus has passed to us information current in his own day: he reports that the annual flooding of the Nile was said to be the result of melting snows far to the south, and comments that he cannot understand how there can be snow in the hottest part of the world. He also passes on reports from Phoenician sailors from Egypt that while circumnavigating Africa they saw the sun on their right while sailing westwards. Thanks to this passing on of information which he himself did not believe, he has shown us something of the extent of contemporary geographical information.
-Published between [[430 BC]] and [[424 BC]], ''The Histories'' were divided by later editors into nine books, named after the [[Muses]]. The first six books deal with the growth of the [[Persian Empire]]. They begin with an account of the first Asian monarch to conquer Greek [[city-states]] and exact tribute, [[Croesus]] of Lydia. Croesus lost his kingdom to [[Cyrus]], the founder of the Persian Empire. The first six books end with the defeat of the Persians in [[490 BC]] at the [[Battle of Marathon]], which was the first setback to their imperial progress. The last three books of ''The Histories'' describe the attempt of the Persian king [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] ten years later to avenge the Persian defeat at Marathon and absorb Greece into the Persian Empire. ''The Histories'' end with the year [[479 BC]], when the Persian invaders were wiped out at the [[Battle of Plataea]] and the frontier of the Persian Empire receded to the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coastline of [[Asia Minor]].
+Published between [[430 BC]] and [[424 BC]], ''The Histories'' were divided by later editors into nine books, named after the [[Muses]]. The first six books deal with the growth of the [[Persian Empire]]. They begin with an account of the first Asian monarch to conquer Greek [[polis|city-states]] and exact tribute, [[Croesus]] of Lydia. Croesus lost his kingdom to [[Cyrus]], the founder of the Persian Empire. The first six books end with the defeat of the Persians in [[490 BC]] at the [[Battle of Marathon]], which was the first setback to their imperial progress. The last three books of ''The Histories'' describe the attempt of the Persian king [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] ten years later to avenge the Persian defeat at Marathon and absorb Greece into the Persian Empire. ''The Histories'' end with the year [[479 BC]], when the Persian invaders were wiped out at the [[Battle of Plataea]] and the frontier of the Persian Empire receded to the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coastline of [[Asia Minor]].
 == Herodotus's life ==

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 * A reconstructed [http://www.reportret.info/gallery/herodotos1.html portrait of Herodotos], based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
 * [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html The History of Herodotus] at The Internet Classics Archive (translation by George Rawlinson)
 * [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/herodotus/ Herodotus on the Web]
 * [http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/herodotus.htm Herodotus for Kids]
@@ Line 61: / Line 58: @@
 ----
-''An [http://www.nupedia.com/article/390/ earlier version] of this article by James Allan Evans was posted at [[Nupedia]].''
+''An [http://www.nupedia.com/article/390/ earlier version] of this article by James Allan Evans was posted at Nupedia.''
 [[Category:484 BC births|Herodotus]]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 * Several English translations of ''The Histories of Herodotus'' are readily available in multiple editions. The most readily available are those translated by:
-**[[Aubrey de Selincourt]], originally 1954; revised by [[John Marincola]] in 1972. Several editions from [[Penguin Books]] available.
+**Aubrey de Selincourt, originally 1954; revised by John Marincola in 1972. Several editions from Penguin Books available.
-**[[David Grene]], Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
+**David Grene, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
-**[[George Rawlinson]], translation 1858-1860. Public domain; many editions available, although [[Everyman Library]] and [[Wordsworth Classics]] editions are the most common ones still in print.
+**George Rawlinson, translation 1858-1860. Public domain; many editions available, although Everyman Library and Wordsworth Classics editions are the most common ones still in print.
 * Evans, J. A. S., ''Herodotus.'' Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.