Konstantine Karamanlis - Revision history

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'''Konstantine (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece|Greek]] politician.

==Early Life==
He was born in the town of [[Proti]], in the [[Serres Prefecture]] in northern Greece. His father was Georgios Karamanlis, a teacher who fought during the national struggle of the Greeks in [[Macedonia]], in [[1904]]-[[1908]]. After spending his childhood in [[Macedonia]], he went to Athens to attain his degree in Law. He practiced law in Serres, entered politics with the conservative People's Party (''Laikon Komma'') and was elected Member of Parliament for the first time at the age of 28, in the last elections held before [[World War II]].

==First Premiership==
After World War II, Karamanlis quickly rose through the ranks of Greek politics, eventually becoming Minister of Public Works in the Greek Rally ''(Hellenikos Synagermos)'' administration under Prime Minister [[Alexander Papagos]]. He performed unusually well in this position and, when Papagos died and was to be succeeded, King [[Paul of Greece]] immediately suggested the young Karamanlis for Prime Mininster. In doing this, the King bypassed [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]] and [[Panagiotis Kanellopoulos]], the two senior Synagermos politicians who were widely considered as the heavyweights most likely to succeed Papagos. Karamanlis first became prime minister in [[1955]], and reorganized the Greek Rally as the National Radical Union ''(Ethnike Rizospastike Enosis).'' He won solid majorities in three successive elections ([[1956]], [[1958]] and [[1961]]). In [[1959]] he announced a five-year plan (1960–64) for the Greek economy, emphasizing improvement of agricultural and industrial production, heavy investment on infrastructure and the promotion of tourism.

==Exile==
In July [[1963]], he resigned the premiership after a disagreement with King [[Paul of Greece]], probably fuelled by the intense antipathy [[Queen Frederika]] felt for him, and spent four months abroad. In the meantime the country was in turmoil following the assassination of Dr. [[Gregoris Lambrakis]], a leftist member of Parliament, by right-wing extremists during a pro-peace demonstration in [[Thessaloniki]]. In November the National Radical Union (ERE), under his leadership, was defeated by [[Georgios Papandreou]]'s ''Center Union'' party in the general election. Deeply disappointed, Karamanlis left Greece. He was succeeded by Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as the ERE leader. He spent the next 11 years in self-imposed exile in [[Paris]], [[France]].

==Second Premiership==
Throughout his exile in France, Karamanlis was a vocal opponent of the military [[junta]] that seized power in Greece in [[April]] [[1967]]. After the fall of the [[George Papadopoulos|''Régime of the Colonels'']] in [[July]] [[1974]], he returned to [[Athens]] on a French Presidency Lear Jet made available to him by President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], a close personal friend, and became Prime Minister on a wave of huge public support, mainly because he was considered the best available solution. He formed a government of National Unity in order to deal immediately with the [[Greco-Turkish_relations#The_1974_crisis_and_after|Cyprus]] crisis and to restore democratic institutions in Greece. He legalized the [[Communist Party of Greece]] (KKE) but he didn't immediately abolish censorship and appeared initially indulgent with members of the 1967 coup who still held on to positions of power in the police and armed forces.

Nevertheless his policy of democratization was gradual and steadfast, and eventually all remnants of the ''Régime of the Colonels'' were eliminated. He presided over several milestones in the democratization process, most notably the trial of the former dictators (who received death penalties for high treason and mutiny, mitigated to life incarceration), the staging of free parliamentary elections, the [[1974]] [[plebiscite]] on the abolition of the [[monarchy]] and the establishment of the Republic, the writing of the [[1975]] [[constitution]] and the implementation of Greece's accession into the [[European Economic Community]].

In 1974, Karamanlis founded a new conservative party, ''[[New Democracy]]'', won the [[1974]] and [[1977]] parliamentary elections, and served as Prime Minister until [[1980]], when he resigned following his signing of the EEC-Greece [[EU_treaties#Accession_treaties|Accession Treaty]]. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by [[George Rallis]].

==First and Second Presidency==
Karamanlis was elected President of the Republic by Parliament in [[1980]] and served until [[1985]]. He oversaw Greece's entry (1981) into the [[European Community]] (now the [[European Union]]). In [[1990]] he was re-elected President by a conservative parliamentary majority (administration of Prime Minister [[Constantine Mitsotakis]]) and served until [[1995]], when he was succeeded by [[Costis Stephanopoulos]].

==Legacy==
Karamanlis retired in 1995, at the age of 88, having won 5 parliamentary elections, and having spent 14 years as Prime Minister, 10 years as President of the Republic, and a total of more than sixty years in active politics. For his long service to democracy and the European cause Karamanlis was awarded the [[Karlspreis]] in [[1978]]. He died after a short illness in 1998, at the age of 91. He bequeathed his archives to the "Konstantine Karamanlis Foundation", a conservative [[think tank]] he had founded and endowed.

His nephew [[Kostas Karamanlis]] is now the leader of the New Democracy party, and Prime Minister as of March 7, 2004.

== See also ==

* [[List of Presidents of Greece]]
* [[Politics of Greece]]
* [[History of Modern Greece]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]|before=[[Alexandros Papagos]]|after=[[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos|Constantine Georgakopoulos]]|years=1955–1958}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]|before=[[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos|Constantine Georgakopoulos]]|after=[[Konstantinos Dovas|Constantine Dovas]]|years=1958–1961}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]|before=[[Konstantinos Dovas|Constantine Dovas]]|after=[[Panagiotis Pipinelis]]|years=1961–1963}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]|before=[[Adamantios Androutsopoulos]]|after=[[George Rallis]]|years=1974–1980}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Greece]]|before=[[Konstantinos Tsatsos|Constantine Tsatsos]]|after=[[Ioannis Alevras]]|years=1980–1985}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Greece]]|before=[[Christos Sartzetakis]]|after=[[Kostis Stephanopoulos]]|years=1990–1995}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1907 births|Karamanlis, Constantine]]
[[Category:1998 deaths|Karamanlis, Constantine]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Greece|Karamanlis, Konstantine]]
[[Category:Greek heads of state|Karamanlis, Konstantine]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:00, August 14, 2005
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[Image:Karamanlis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Constantine Karamanlis]]'''Constantine (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece\|Greek]] politician.	+	#REDIRECT [[Constantine Karamanlis]]
−
−	~~==Early Life==~~
−	He was born in the town of [[Proti]], in the [[Serres Prefecture]] in northern Greece. His father was Georgios Karamanlis, a teacher who fought during the national struggle of the Greeks in [[Macedonia]], in [[1904]]-[[1908]]. After spending his childhood in [[Macedonia]], he went to Athens to attain his degree in Law. He practiced law in Serres, entered politics with the conservative People's Party (''Laikon Komma'') and was elected Member of Parliament for the first time at the age of 28, in the last elections held before [[World War II]].
−
−	~~==First Premiership==~~
−	After World War II, Karamanlis quickly rose through the ranks of Greek politics, eventually becoming Minister of Public Works in the Greek Rally ''(Hellenikos Synagermos)'' administration under Prime Minister [[Alexander Papagos]]. He performed unusually well in this position and, when Papagos died and was to be succeeded, King [[Paul of Greece]] immediately suggested the young Karamanlis for Prime Mininster. In doing this, the King bypassed [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]] and [[Panagiotis Kanellopoulos]], the two senior Synagermos politicians who were widely considered as the heavyweights most likely to succeed Papagos. Karamanlis first became prime minister in [[1955]], and reorganized the Greek Rally as the National Radical Union ''(Ethnike Rizospastike Enosis).'' He won solid majorities in three successive elections ([[1956]], [[1958]] and [[1961]]). In [[1959]] he announced a five-year plan (1960–64) for the Greek economy, emphasizing improvement of agricultural and industrial production, heavy investment on infrastructure and the promotion of tourism.
−
−	~~==Exile==~~
−	In July [[1963]], he resigned the premiership after a disagreement with King [[Paul of Greece]], probably fuelled by the intense antipathy [[Queen Frederika]] felt for him, and spent four months abroad. In the meantime the country was in turmoil following the assassination of Dr. [[Gregoris Lambrakis]], a leftist member of Parliament, by right-wing extremists during a pro-peace demonstration in [[Thessaloniki]]. In November the National Radical Union (ERE), under his leadership, was defeated by [[Georgios Papandreou]]'s ''Center Union'' party in the general election. Deeply disappointed, Karamanlis left Greece. He was succeeded by Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as the ERE leader. He spent the next 11 years in self-imposed exile in [[Paris]], [[France]].
−
−	~~==Second Premiership==~~
−	Throughout his exile in France, Karamanlis was a vocal opponent of the military [[junta]] that seized power in Greece in [[April]] [[1967]]. After the fall of the [[George Papadopoulos\|''Régime of the Colonels'']] in [[July]] [[1974]], he returned to [[Athens]] on a French Presidency Lear Jet made available to him by President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], a close personal friend, and became Prime Minister on a wave of huge public support, mainly because he was considered the best available solution. He formed a government of National Unity in order to deal immediately with the [[Greco-Turkish_relations#The_1974_crisis_and_after\|Cyprus]] crisis and to restore democratic institutions in Greece. He legalized the [[Communist Party of Greece]] (KKE) but he didn't immediately abolish censorship and appeared initially indulgent with members of the 1967 coup who still held on to positions of power in the police and armed forces.
−
−	Nevertheless his policy of democratization was gradual and steadfast, and eventually all remnants of the ''Régime of the Colonels'' were eliminated. He presided over several milestones in the democratization process, most notably the trial of the former dictators (who received death penalties for high treason and mutiny, mitigated to life incarceration), the staging of free parliamentary elections, the [[1974]] [[plebiscite]] on the abolition of the [[monarchy]] and the establishment of the Republic, the writing of the [[1975]] [[constitution]] and the implementation of Greece's accession into the [[European Economic Community]].
−
−	In 1974, Karamanlis founded a new conservative party, ''[[New Democracy]]'', won the [[1974]] and [[1977]] parliamentary elections, and served as Prime Minister until [[1980]], when he resigned following his signing of the EEC-Greece [[EU_treaties#~~Accession_treaties\|Accession Treaty]]. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by [[George Rallis]].~~
−
−	~~==First and Second Presidency==~~
−	Karamanlis was elected President of the Republic by Parliament in [[1980]] and served until [[1985]]. He oversaw Greece's entry (1981) into the [[European Community]] (now the [[European Union]]). In [[1990]] he was re-elected President by a conservative parliamentary majority (administration of Prime Minister [[Constantine ~~Mitsotakis]]) and served until [[1995]], when he was succeeded by [[Costis Stephanopoulos]].~~
−
−	~~==Legacy==~~
−	Karamanlis retired in 1995, at the age of 88, having won 5 parliamentary elections, and having spent 14 years as Prime Minister, 10 years as President of the Republic, and a total of more than sixty years in active politics. For his long service to democracy and the European cause Karamanlis was awarded the [[Karlspreis]] in [[1978]]. He died after a short illness in 1998, at the age of 91. He bequeathed his archives to the "Konstantine Karamanlis Foundation", a conservative [[think tank]] he had founded and endowed.
−
−	~~His nephew [[Kostas Karamanlis]] is now the leader of the New Democracy party, and Prime Minister as of March 7, 2004.~~
−
−	~~== See also ==~~
−
−	* [[List of Presidents of Greece]]
−	* [[Politics of Greece]]
−	* [[History of Modern Greece]]
−
−	~~{{start box}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]\|before=[[Alexandros Papagos]]\|after=[[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos\|Constantine Georgakopoulos]]\|years=1955–1958}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]\|before=[[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos\|Constantine Georgakopoulos]]\|after=[[Konstantinos Dovas\|Constantine Dovas]]\|years=1958–1961}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]\|before=[[Konstantinos Dovas\|Constantine Dovas]]\|after=[[Panagiotis Pipinelis]]\|years=1961–1963}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[Prime Minister of Greece]]\|before=[[Adamantios Androutsopoulos]]\|after=[[George Rallis]]\|years=1974–1980}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[President of Greece]]\|before=[[Konstantinos Tsatsos\|Constantine Tsatsos]]\|after=[[Ioannis Alevras]]\|years=1980–1985}}~~
−	~~{{succession box\|title=[[President of Greece]]\|before=[[Christos Sartzetakis]]\|after=[[Kostis Stephanopoulos]]\|years=1990–1995}}~~
−	~~{{end box}}~~
−
−	~~[[Category:1907 births\|Karamanlis, Constantine]]~~
−	~~[[Category:1998 deaths\|Karamanlis, Constantine]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Prime Ministers of Greece\|Karamanlis, Konstantine]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Greek heads of state\|~~Karamanlis~~, Konstantine~~]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, August 14, 2005
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[Image:Karamanlis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Constantine Karamanlis]]'''~~Konstantine~~ (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece\|Greek]] politician.	+	[[Image:Karamanlis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Constantine Karamanlis]]'''Constantine (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece\|Greek]] politician.

	==Early Life==		==Early Life==

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, August 14, 2005
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Konstantine (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece\|Greek]] politician.	+	[[Image:Karamanlis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Constantine Karamanlis]]'''Konstantine (Konstantinos) Karamanlis''' (Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής) ([[March 8]], [[1907]] - [[April 23]], [[1998]]) was a [[Greece\|Greek]] politician.

	==Early Life==		==Early Life==