Modern Greek - Revision history

Irlandos at 14:34, April 18, 2008

2008-04-18T14:34:38Z

Irlandos: /* Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek */

2008-04-18T14:32:46Z

Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek

Irlandos: /* Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek */

2008-04-18T14:31:54Z

Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek

Irlandos at 07:52, July 19, 2007

2007-07-19T07:52:43Z

Irlandos: /* Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek */

2006-03-09T19:52:50Z

Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek

Irlandos: /* Dialects */

2006-03-09T19:51:27Z

Dialects

Lazarus: /* Evolution from Ancient to Modern Greek */

2005-11-01T15:54:28Z

Evolution from Ancient to Modern Greek

Lazarus: /* References */

2005-11-01T15:31:24Z

References

Lazarus at 15:29, November 1, 2005

2005-11-01T15:29:07Z

New page

{{History of the Greek language}}

'''Modern Greek''' (νεοελληνικά or νεοελληνική γλώσσα, lit. Neo-Hellenic/Neo-Hellenic language) is a dialect family that refers to the fifth stage of the evolution of the [[Greek language]] (the first four being [[Mycenean language|Mycenean]], [[Ancient Greek]], Post-Classical or [[Hellenistic Greek]] and [[Medieval Greek]]), and it includes every dialect and idiom of [[Hellenic]] speech that exists in the world today. Modern Greek had started taking shape well into the [[Middle Ages]] but for convenience linguists place its starting point at the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 AD. During the middle ages and up until the rebirth of Greek nationalism in the 19th century, Modern Greek was officially known as '''Romaic''' (Ρωμαίικα), signifying the language spoken in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]].

== Dialects ==

The main dialects of Modern Greek are:

*'''Demotic''' (Δημοτική): During the middle ages the vernacular language of most [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], notably in mainland [[Greece]], [[Asia Minor]] and [[Constantinople]]. [[Demotic]] is now the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] (Greece), and is therefore also referred as the "Koine Modern Greek" (common modern Greek) or less strictly as "Modern Greek". Demotic has a variety of different of sub-branches, which due to their great intelligibility are regarded as [[idioms]] of ''Koine'' Modern Greek rather than separate [[dialects]]. Modern Greek idioms are divided into two main categories, Northern and Southern idioms.

:Examples of Northern idioms are Rumelian, Epirote, Thessalian, Macedonian, Thracian.

:The Southern category is divided into groups that include idioms from:
:#Megara, Aegina, Old Athens, Kimi and Mani
:#Peloponnese (except Mani), Cycladic isles and Crete, Ionian isles, Northern Epirus
:#Dodecanese and [[Cypriot dialect|Cyprus]].

:Demotic has officially been written in [[Monotonic orthography|monotonic]] Greek script since 1982.

*[[Katharevousa]] (Καθαρεύουσα): A semi-artificial dialect created in the 19th Century at the foundation of the modern Greek state, as a compromise between [[Classical Greek]] and modern Demotic. It was the official language of modern Greece until 1976. Katharevousa is written in [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] Greek script.

*'''Tsakonic''' (Τσακωνική or [[Tsakonian]]): Spoken today only by 10 villages around the city of [[Sparta]] in the region of [[Laconia]] in Southern [[Peloponnese]]. Tsakonic evolved directly from Laconian (ancient Spartan) and therefore descends from the [[Doric]] branch of the Greek language. It has no heritage from Hellenistic Koine and is significantly different from all its child dialects (such as [[Demotic]] and [[Pontic Greek language|Pontic]]).

*'''Pontic''' (Ποντιακή, see [[Pontic Greek]]): Originally spoken in the [[Pontus]] region of Asia Minor until most of its speakers were displaced to mainland Greece during the great population exchange between Greece and Turkey that followed the Destruction of Smyrna. It hails from [[Hellenistic Greek|Hellenistic]] and [[Medieval Greek|Medieval Koine]] but preserves characteristics of [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] since ancient colonisations.

*'''Cappadocian''' (Καππαδοκική or [[Cappadocian Greek language|Cappadocian]]): A dialect close to and of the same fate as Pontic. Hails directly from the Alexandrian and Byzantine tongues, and its speakers settled in mainland Greece during the great population exchanges.

*'''Southern Italian''' (Κατωιταλική or [[Griko]]): Spoken by around 15 villages in the regions of [[Calabria]] and [[Apulia]]. The Southern Italian dialect is the last living trace of Hellenic elements in Southern Italy that once formed [[Magna Graecia]]. It hails directly from the Dorian settlers who colonised the area from [[Sparta]] and [[Corinth]] in 700BC, and therefore hails from the Doric branch of ancient Greek. It has evolved independently from Hellenistic Koine, being thus very different from most Modern Greek dialects, except Tsakonic (also in the Doric dialect branch).

*'''[[Yevanic]]'''

== Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek ==

'''Koine Modern Greek''' (Κοινή Νεοελληνική) refers to the [[idiom]] of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the [[vernacular]] language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].

In short, Koine Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koine had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic]], [[Doric]] and [[Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the middle ages.

After Greece gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]], the same dual-language status of the late [[Byzantine Empire]] was readapted. The vernacular speech was [[Demotic]] (a term similar to "popular") and the official state dialect was [[Katharevousa]] ("purified"). Demotic was the language of daily use, and the latter was an archaic form (closer to Attic), used for official documents, literature, newscasting and other formal purposes. In 1976 Katharevousa was replaced by Demotic as the official language of the Greek state.
During its long history the Greek language had assimilated some foreign vocabulary and loan words from various languages such as [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], great part of which, was inevitably cleansed after its long-lasting co-existence with Katharevousa.

== Evolution from Ancient to Modern Greek ==

Due to the long [[history of the Greek language]] it is hard to point out specific linguistic differences between distant periods such as "ancient" and "modern" Greek. For example the pronunciation of Beta, Gamma and Delta is commonly regarded as an important phonetic difference between Ancient and Modern periods, even though it has pre-existed since the 5th century BC in non-Attic dialects (such as Boetian). The only way to analyse the evolution of [[Greek language|Greek]] until modern times, is to view the language as a whole by examining all its four periods (whose chronological boundaries are symbolic).

The development from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek has affected [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[vocabulary]].

The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic period, and included:
*development of the [[voiceless]] [[aspirated]] [[stop consonant]]s — [[theta]], [[phi]] and [[chi]] — to voiceless [[fricatives]]

*development of the [[voiced]] stop consonants — [[delta]], [[beta]] and [[gamma]] — to voiced [[fricative]]s

*simplification of the system of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s.

The phonological changes were not reflected in the [[orthography]].

The morphological changes affected both [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the [[Romance languages]] as they developed from [[Vulgar Latin]] — for instance the loss of certain historic [[tense]] forms and their replacement by new constructions — but the changes to the nouns have been less far-reaching. Greek has never experienced the wholesale loss of word-endings that has for instance made [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] separate languages from Latin.

==References==
{{Wikibooks}}

*ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ, ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ, Νικόλαος Π. Ανδριωτης - Ιστορία της Ελληνικης γλωσσας. (Nikolaos P. Andriotis, ''History of the Greek language'')
*Mario Vitti, Histoire de la littérature grecque moderne.

[[Category: Hellenic languages and dialects]]

[[el:Ελληνική Γλώσσα]]

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 == Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek ==
-'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the idiom of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the vernacular language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
+'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the idiom of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the vernacular language of most rural Greece and the [[Greek diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
 In short, Koine Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koine had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic]], [[Doric]] and [[Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the middle ages.

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 == Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek ==
-'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the [[idiom]] of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the vernacular language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
+'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the idiom of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the vernacular language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
 In short, Koine Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koine had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic]], [[Doric]] and [[Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the middle ages.

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 *'''Cappadocian''' (&#922;&#945;&#960;&#960;&#945;&#948;&#959;&#954;&#953;&#954;&#942; or [[Cappadocian Greek language|Cappadocian]]): A dialect close to and of the same fate as Pontic. Hails directly from the Alexandrian and Byzantine tongues, and its speakers settled in mainland Greece during the great population exchanges.
-*'''Southern Italian''' (&#922;&#945;&#964;&#969;&#953;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; or [[Griko]]): Spoken by around 15 villages in the regions of [[Calabria]] and [[Apulia]]. The Southern Italian dialect is the last living trace of Hellenic elements in Southern Italy that once formed [[Magna Graecia]]. It hails directly from the Dorian settlers who colonised the area from [[Sparta]] and [[Corinth]] in 700BC, and therefore hails from the Doric branch of ancient Greek. It has evolved independently from Hellenistic Koine, being thus very different from most Modern Greek dialects, except Tsakonic (also in the Doric dialect branch).
+*'''Southern Italian''' (&#922;&#945;&#964;&#969;&#953;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; or [[Griko]]): Spoken by around 15 villages in the regions of Calabria and Apulia. The Southern Italian dialect is the last living trace of Hellenic elements in Southern Italy that once formed [[Magna Graecia]]. It hails directly from the Dorian settlers who colonised the area from [[Sparta]] and [[Corinth]] in 700BC, and therefore hails from the Doric branch of ancient Greek. It has evolved independently from Hellenistic Koine, being thus very different from most Modern Greek dialects, except Tsakonic (also in the Doric dialect branch).
 *'''[[Yevanic]]'''
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 *development of the voiceless aspirated stop consonants &mdash; [[theta]], [[phi]] and [[chi]] &mdash; to voiceless fricatives
-*development of the voiced stop consonants &mdash; [[delta]], [[beta]] and [[gamma]] &mdash; to voiced [[fricative]]s
+*development of the voiced stop consonants &mdash; [[delta]], [[beta]] and [[gamma]] &mdash; to voiced fricatives
-*simplification of the system of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s.
+*simplification of the system of vowels and diphthongs.
-The phonological changes were not reflected in the [[orthography]].
+The phonological changes were not reflected in the orthography.
-The morphological changes affected both [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the Romance languages as they developed from Vulgar Latin &mdash; for instance the loss of certain historic tense forms and their replacement by new constructions &mdash; but the changes to the nouns have been less far-reaching. Greek has never experienced the wholesale loss of word-endings that has for instance made Spanish, French and Italian separate languages from Latin.
+The morphological changes affected both nouns and verbs. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the Romance languages as they developed from Vulgar Latin &mdash; for instance the loss of certain historic tense forms and their replacement by new constructions &mdash; but the changes to the nouns have been less far-reaching. Greek has never experienced the wholesale loss of word-endings that has for instance made Spanish, French and Italian separate languages from Latin.
 ==References==

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 == Demotic as Koine (Standard) Modern Greek ==
-'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the [[idiom]] of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the [[vernacular]] language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
+'''Koine Modern Greek''' (&#922;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;) refers to the [[idiom]] of [[Demotic]] that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the vernacular language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koine Modern Greek evolves from the Southern [[Demotic]] idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
-In short, Koine Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koine had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic]], [[Doric]] and [[Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the middle ages.
+In short, Koine Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koine had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic]], [[Doric]] and [[Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the middle ages.
-After Greece gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]], the same dual-language status of the late [[Byzantine Empire]] was readapted. The vernacular speech was [[Demotic]] (a term similar to "popular") and the official state dialect was [[Katharevousa]] ("purified"). Demotic was the language of daily use, and the latter was an archaic form (closer to Attic), used for official documents, literature, newscasting and other formal purposes. In 1976 Katharevousa was replaced by Demotic as the official language of the Greek state.
+After Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, the same dual-language status of the late [[Byzantine Empire]] was readapted. The vernacular speech was [[Demotic]] (a term similar to "popular") and the official state dialect was [[Katharevousa]] ("purified"). Demotic was the language of daily use, and the latter was an archaic form (closer to Attic), used for official documents, literature, newscasting and other formal purposes. In 1976 Katharevousa was replaced by Demotic as the official language of the Greek state.
-During its long history the Greek language had assimilated some foreign vocabulary and loan words from various languages such as [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], great part of which, was inevitably cleansed after its long-lasting co-existence with Katharevousa.
+During its long history the Greek language had assimilated some foreign vocabulary and loan words from various languages such as Latin, Italian, and Turkish, great part of which, was inevitably cleansed after its long-lasting co-existence with Katharevousa.
 == Evolution from Ancient to Modern Greek ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The main dialects of Modern Greek are:
-*'''Demotic''' (&#916;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;): During the middle ages the vernacular language of most [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], notably in mainland [[Greece]], [[Asia Minor]] and [[Constantinople]]. [[Demotic]] is now the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] (Greece), and is therefore also referred as the "Koine Modern Greek" (common modern Greek) or less strictly as "Modern Greek". Demotic has a variety of different of sub-branches, which due to their great intelligibility are regarded as [[idioms]] of ''Koine'' Modern Greek rather than separate [[dialects]]. Modern Greek idioms are divided into two main categories, Northern and Southern idioms.
+*'''Demotic''' (&#916;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;): During the middle ages the vernacular language of most [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], notably in mainland [[Greece]], [[Asia Minor]] and [[Constantinople]]. [[Demotic]] is now the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] (Greece), and is therefore also referred as the "Koine Modern Greek" (common modern Greek) or less strictly as "Modern Greek". Demotic has a variety of different of sub-branches, which due to their great intelligibility are regarded as idioms of ''Koine'' Modern Greek rather than separate dialects. Modern Greek idioms are divided into two main categories, Northern and Southern idioms.
 :Examples of Northern idioms are Rumelian, Epirote, Thessalian, Macedonian, Thracian.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{History of the Greek language}}
-'''Modern Greek''' (νεοελληνικά or νεοελληνική γλώσσα, lit. Neo-Hellenic/Neo-Hellenic language) is a dialect family that refers to the fifth stage of the evolution of the [[Greek language]] (the first four being [[Mycenean language|Mycenean]], [[Ancient Greek]], Post-Classical or [[Hellenistic Greek]] and [[Medieval Greek]]), and it includes every dialect and idiom of [[Hellenic]] speech that exists in the world today. Modern Greek had started taking shape well into the [[Middle Ages]] but for convenience linguists place its starting point at the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 AD. During the middle ages and up until the rebirth of Greek nationalism in the 19th century, Modern Greek was officially known as '''Romaic''' (Ρωμαίικα), signifying the language spoken in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]].
+'''Modern Greek''' (νεοελληνικά or νεοελληνική γλώσσα, lit. Neo-Hellenic/Neo-Hellenic language) is a dialect family that refers to the fifth stage of the evolution of the [[Greek language]] (the first four being [[Mycenean language|Mycenean]], [[Ancient Greek]], Post-Classical or [[Hellenistic Greek]] and [[Medieval Greek]]), and it includes every dialect and idiom of [[Hellenic]] speech that exists in the world today. Modern Greek had started taking shape well into the Middle Ages but for convenience linguists place its starting point at the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 AD. During the middle ages and up until the rebirth of Greek nationalism in the 19th century, Modern Greek was officially known as '''Romaic''' (Ρωμαίικα), signifying the language spoken in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]].
 == Dialects ==

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Due to the long [[history of the Greek language]] it is hard to point out specific linguistic differences between distant periods such as "ancient" and "modern" Greek. For example the pronunciation of Beta, Gamma and Delta is commonly regarded as an important phonetic difference between Ancient and Modern periods, even though it has pre-existed since the 5th century BC in non-Attic dialects (such as Boetian). The only way to analyse the evolution of [[Greek language|Greek]] until modern times, is to view the language as a whole by examining all its four periods (whose chronological boundaries are symbolic).
-The development from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek has affected [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[vocabulary]].
+The development from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek has affected phonology, morphology and vocabulary.
 The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic period, and included:
-*development of the [[voiceless]] [[aspirated]] [[stop consonant]]s &mdash; [[theta]], [[phi]] and [[chi]] &mdash; to voiceless [[fricatives]]
+*development of the voiceless aspirated stop consonants &mdash; [[theta]], [[phi]] and [[chi]] &mdash; to voiceless fricatives
-*development of the [[voiced]] stop consonants &mdash; [[delta]], [[beta]] and [[gamma]] &mdash; to voiced [[fricative]]s
+*development of the voiced stop consonants &mdash; [[delta]], [[beta]] and [[gamma]] &mdash; to voiced [[fricative]]s
 *simplification of the system of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s.
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 The phonological changes were not reflected in the [[orthography]].
-The morphological changes affected both [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the [[Romance languages]] as they developed from [[Vulgar Latin]] &mdash; for instance the loss of certain historic [[tense]] forms and their replacement by new constructions &mdash; but the changes to the nouns have been less far-reaching. Greek has never experienced the wholesale loss of word-endings that has for instance made [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] separate languages from Latin.
+The morphological changes affected both [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the Romance languages as they developed from Vulgar Latin &mdash; for instance the loss of certain historic tense forms and their replacement by new constructions &mdash; but the changes to the nouns have been less far-reaching. Greek has never experienced the wholesale loss of word-endings that has for instance made Spanish, French and Italian separate languages from Latin.
 ==References==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:31, November 1, 2005
Line 57:		Line 57:

	==References==		==References==
−	~~{{Wikibooks}}~~

	*ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ, ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ, Νικόλαος Π. Ανδριωτης - Ιστορία της Ελληνικης γλωσσας. (Nikolaos P. Andriotis, ''History of the Greek language'')		*ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ, ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ, Νικόλαος Π. Ανδριωτης - Ιστορία της Ελληνικης γλωσσας. (Nikolaos P. Andriotis, ''History of the Greek language'')