Nikos Kazantzakis - Revision history

Irlandos at 11:07, April 10, 2007

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Literary work

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Biography

Lazarus at 14:47, October 26, 2005

2005-10-26T14:47:46Z

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'''Nikos Kazantzakis''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Νίκος Καζαντζάκης''' [[February 18]], [[1883]], [[Heraklion]], [[Crete]] - [[October 26]], [[1957]], Freiburg, Germany) was a [[Greece|Greek]] novelist, poet, playwright and thinker. Arguably the most important Greek writer and philosopher of the [[20th century]], he acquired wide fame after [[Michael Cacoyannis]] made his novel ''[[Zorba the Greek]]'' (Βίος και Πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά) into a film in [[1964]]. He is the most translated contemporary Greek author.

==Biography==
Kazantzakis was born in [[Heraklion]] in [[1883]], at that time a small town still under Turkish rule, but under intense revolutionary fever, following the continuous uprisings of the Greek population to achieve independence from the [[Ottoman empire]] and to unite with [[Greece]].

In [[1902]] he moved to [[Athens, Greece]] where he studied Law at the [[Athens University]] and then in [[1907]] to Paris to study [[Philosophy]]. There he was influenced by the teachings of Henri Bergson.

Back in Greece, he started translating works of philosophy and in [[1914]] he got acquainted with [[Angelos Sikelianos]]. Together they travelled for two years in places where Greek Christian culture flourished, largely influenced by the enthusiastic nationalism of Sikelianos.

In [[1919]], as Director General of the Ministry of Social Relief, he transferred Greek populations from the Caucasus region to [[Greece]] in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. For Kazantzakis, this was the beginning of a odyssey across the world. Until his death in [[1957]], he sojourned in Paris and Berlin (from [[1922]] to [[1924]]), Italy, Russia (in [[1925]]), Spain (in [[1932]]), and then [[Cyprus]], [[Aegina]], Egypt, Mount Sinai, Czechoslovakia, Nice, China, and Japan.

During his stay in Berlin, where a critical and explosive situation ruled, Kazantzakis was introduced to communism and became an admirer of Lenin, but he never became a consistent communist. Yet, since that time, his nationalistic beliefs were replaced by a more universal [[ideology]].

In [[1957]] he started a new trip to China and Japan. This, however, was his last. He became ill and was transferred to Freiburg, Germany, where he died. He was buried at Heraklion. His epitaph read "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free." (Δεν ελπίζω τίποτε. Δεν φοβάμαι τίποτε. Είμαι λεύτερος)

==Literary work==

His first work was the narrative ''Serpent and Lily'' (Όφις και Κρίνο), [[1906]], which he signed with the pen-name Karma Nirvami. After his studies in Paris, he authored the tragedy "The Master Builder" (Ο Πρωτομάστορας), based on a popular Greek folklore myth ([[1910]]).

His numerous trips all over the world inspired him to start the series "Travelling" (Ταξιδεύοντας), which became known as masterpieces of Greek [[travel literature]]. This series included Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Japan, China, England.

Kazantzakis himself considered ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'' [[1924]]-[[1938]] to be his most important work. He wrote it seven times before publishing it in 1938. According to another important Greek author, [[Pantelis Prevelakis]], "it has been a superhuman effort to record his immense spiritual experience". Following the structure of [[Homer]]'s [[Odyssey]], it is divided in 24 rhapsodies and consists of 33,333 verses.

His best and most famous novels include ''Zorba the Greek'' ([[1946]]); ''The Greek Passion'' ([[1948]]), published in [[Great Britain]] as ''Christ Recrucified''; ''Freedom or Death'' ([[1950]]) published in Great Britain as ''Freedom and Death''; ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' ([[1951]]); and ''Saint Francis'' ([[1956]]), published in Great Britain as ''God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi''. ''Report to Greco'' ([[1961]]) contains both autobiographical and fictional elements.

The spirit of Kazantzakis, even since his youth, was restless. He was tortured by metaphysical and existential concerns. He sought relief in knowledge, in travelling, in contact with other people, in every kind of experience. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on his work is evident, especially by his atheism and the presence of the superman (Übermensch) concept. However, religious concerns also haunted him.

The figure of [[Jesus]] is ever present in his thoughts, from his youth to his last years. But as presented in The Last Temptation of Christ it is a Christ tortured by the same metaphysical and existential concerns, seeking answers to haunting questions and often torn between his sense of duty and cause on one side and his own human needs to enjoy life, to love and to be loved, to have a family. A tragic figure who at the end sacrifices his own human hopes for a wider cause, Kazantzakis' Christ is not an infallible, passionless deity but rather a passionate and emotional human being who has been assigned a mission, with a meaning that he is struggling to understand and that often requires him to face his conscience and his emotions and ultimately to sacrifice his own life for its fulfilment. He is subject to doubts, fears and even guilt. In the end he is the Son of Man, a man whose internal struggle represents that of humanity.

Many conservative religious figures in Greece tend to condemn his work. Religious oganisations banned the Last Temptation movie from Greek theatres.

==Bibliography==
*''The Cretan Glance, The World and Art of Nikos Kazantzakis'', Morton P. Levitt, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH, 1980.
*''Kazantzakis: The Politics of Salvation'', James F. Lea, foreward by Helen Kazantzakis, University of Alabama Press, 1979.
*''Creative Destruction: Nikos Kazantzakis and the Literature of Responsibility'', Lewis Owens, Mercer University Press, 2003

[[Category:1883 births|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
[[Category:1957 deaths|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
[[Category:Greek writers|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
[[Category:Modern Greek dramatists and playwrights|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
[[Category:Greek philosophers|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
[[Category:Crete|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]

[[el:Νίκος Καζαντζάκης]]

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 [[Category:1883 births|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
 [[Category:1957 deaths|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
-[[Category:Greek writers|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
+[[Category:Writers|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
 [[Category:Modern Greek dramatists and playwrights|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]
 [[Category:Greek philosophers|Kazantzakis, Nikos]]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 His first work was the narrative ''Serpent and Lily'' (Όφις και Κρίνο), [[1906]], which he signed with the pen-name Karma Nirvami. After his studies in Paris, he authored the tragedy "The Master Builder"  (Ο Πρωτομάστορας), based on a popular Greek folklore myth ([[1910]]).
-His numerous trips all over the world inspired him to start the series "Travelling" (Ταξιδεύοντας), which became known as masterpieces of Greek [[travel literature]]. This series included Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Japan, China, England.
+His numerous trips all over the world inspired him to start the series "Travelling" (Ταξιδεύοντας), which became known as masterpieces of Greek travel literature. This series included Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Japan, China, England.
 Kazantzakis himself considered ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'' [[1924]]-[[1938]] to be his most important work. He wrote it seven times before publishing it in 1938. According to another important Greek author, [[Pantelis Prevelakis]], "it has been a superhuman effort to record his immense spiritual experience". Following the structure of [[Homer]]'s [[Odyssey]], it is divided in 24 rhapsodies and consists of 33,333 verses.

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Kazantzakis himself considered ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'' [[1924]]-[[1938]] to be his most important work. He wrote it seven times before publishing it in 1938. According to another important Greek author, [[Pantelis Prevelakis]], "it has been a superhuman effort to record his immense spiritual experience". Following the structure of [[Homer]]'s [[Odyssey]], it is divided in 24 rhapsodies and consists of 33,333 verses.
-His best and most famous novels include ''Zorba the Greek'' ([[1946]]); ''The Greek Passion'' ([[1948]]), published in [[Great Britain]] as ''Christ Recrucified'';  ''Freedom or Death'' ([[1950]]) published in Great Britain as ''Freedom and Death''; ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' ([[1951]]); and ''Saint Francis'' ([[1956]]), published in Great Britain as ''God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi''.  ''Report to Greco'' ([[1961]]) contains both autobiographical and fictional elements.
+His best and most famous novels include ''Zorba the Greek'' ([[1946]]); ''The Greek Passion'' ([[1948]]), published in Great Britain as ''Christ Recrucified'';  ''Freedom or Death'' ([[1950]]) published in Great Britain as ''Freedom and Death''; ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' ([[1951]]); and ''Saint Francis'' ([[1956]]), published in Great Britain as ''God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi''.  ''Report to Greco'' ([[1961]]) contains both autobiographical and fictional elements.
 The spirit of Kazantzakis, even since his youth, was restless. He was tortured by metaphysical and existential concerns. He sought relief in knowledge, in travelling, in contact with other people, in every kind of experience. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on his work is evident, especially by his atheism and the presence of the superman (Übermensch) concept. However, religious concerns also haunted him.
-The figure of [[Jesus]] is ever present in his thoughts, from his youth to his last years. But as presented in The Last Temptation of Christ it is a Christ tortured by the same metaphysical and existential concerns, seeking answers to haunting questions and often torn between his sense of duty and cause on one side and his own human needs to enjoy life, to love and to be loved, to have a family. A tragic figure who at the end sacrifices his own human hopes for a wider cause, Kazantzakis' Christ is not an infallible, passionless deity but rather a passionate and emotional human being who has been assigned a mission, with a meaning that he is struggling to understand and that often requires him to face his conscience and his emotions and ultimately to sacrifice his own life for its fulfilment. He is subject to doubts, fears and even guilt. In the end he is the Son of Man, a man whose internal struggle represents that of humanity.
+The figure of Jesus is ever present in his thoughts, from his youth to his last years. But as presented in The Last Temptation of Christ it is a Christ tortured by the same metaphysical and existential concerns, seeking answers to haunting questions and often torn between his sense of duty and cause on one side and his own human needs to enjoy life, to love and to be loved, to have a family. A tragic figure who at the end sacrifices his own human hopes for a wider cause, Kazantzakis' Christ is not an infallible, passionless deity but rather a passionate and emotional human being who has been assigned a mission, with a meaning that he is struggling to understand and that often requires him to face his conscience and his emotions and ultimately to sacrifice his own life for its fulfilment. He is subject to doubts, fears and even guilt. In the end he is the Son of Man, a man whose internal struggle represents that of humanity.
 Many conservative religious figures in Greece tend to condemn his work. Religious oganisations banned the Last Temptation movie from Greek theatres.
 ==Bibliography==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Biography==
-Kazantzakis was born in [[Heraklion]] in [[1883]], at that time a small town still under Turkish rule, but under intense revolutionary fever, following the continuous uprisings of the Greek population to achieve independence from the [[Ottoman empire]] and to unite with [[Greece]].
+Kazantzakis was born in [[Heraklion]] in [[1883]], at that time a small town still under Turkish rule, but under intense revolutionary fever, following the continuous uprisings of the Greek population to achieve independence from the Ottoman empire and to unite with [[Greece]].
-In [[1902]] he moved to [[Athens, Greece]] where he studied Law at the [[Athens University]] and then in [[1907]] to Paris to study [[Philosophy]]. There he was influenced by the teachings of Henri Bergson.
+In [[1902]] he moved to [[Athens]], [[Greece]] where he studied Law at the [[Athens University]] and then in [[1907]] to Paris to study Philosophy. There he was influenced by the teachings of Henri Bergson.
 Back in Greece, he started translating works of philosophy and in [[1914]] he got acquainted with [[Angelos Sikelianos]]. Together they travelled for two years in places where Greek Christian culture flourished, largely influenced by the enthusiastic nationalism of Sikelianos.
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 In [[1919]], as Director General of the Ministry of Social Relief, he transferred Greek populations from the Caucasus region to [[Greece]] in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. For Kazantzakis, this was the beginning of a odyssey across the world. Until his death in [[1957]], he sojourned in Paris and Berlin (from [[1922]] to [[1924]]), Italy, Russia (in [[1925]]), Spain (in [[1932]]), and then [[Cyprus]], [[Aegina]], Egypt, Mount Sinai, Czechoslovakia, Nice, China, and Japan.
-During his stay in Berlin, where a critical and explosive situation ruled, Kazantzakis was introduced to communism and became an admirer of Lenin, but he never became a consistent communist. Yet, since that time, his nationalistic beliefs were replaced by a more universal [[ideology]].
+During his stay in Berlin, where a critical and explosive situation ruled, Kazantzakis was introduced to communism and became an admirer of Lenin, but he never became a consistent communist. Yet, since that time, his nationalistic beliefs were replaced by a more universal ideology.
 In [[1957]] he started a new trip to China and Japan. This, however, was his last. He became ill and was transferred to Freiburg, Germany, where he died. He was buried at Heraklion. His epitaph read "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free."  (Δεν ελπίζω τίποτε. Δεν φοβάμαι τίποτε. Είμαι λεύτερος)