Odysseus - Revision history

Irlandos: Reverted edits by Jennifercullen020897 (Talk); changed back to last version by Irlandos

2009-02-24T11:34:38Z

Reverted edits by Jennifercullen020897 (Talk); changed back to last version by Irlandos

Jennifercullen020897 at 01:50, February 24, 2009

2009-02-24T01:50:46Z

Irlandos: /* The Laestrygonians */

2007-01-18T11:09:22Z

The Laestrygonians

Irlandos: /* Journey to the Underworld */

2006-08-15T18:37:51Z

Journey to the Underworld

Irlandos: /* Odysseus reaches Ithaca */

2006-08-15T18:29:15Z

Odysseus reaches Ithaca

Irlandos: /* Helios' Cattle */

2006-08-15T18:28:13Z

Helios' Cattle

Irlandos: /* Other stories */

2006-04-01T19:31:55Z

Irlandos at 19:28, April 1, 2006

2006-04-01T19:28:30Z

Irlandos: /* Before the Trojan War */

2005-12-28T14:43:08Z

Before the Trojan War

Irlandos: /* Classical references to Odysseus */

2005-10-01T08:38:11Z

Classical references to Odysseus

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:34, February 24, 2009
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−	~~'''Fuck you!!!'''~~
	'''Odysseus Laërtiades''' (Greek: Οδυσσεύς Λαερτιάδης}', 'son of [[Laertes]]'), or simply '''Odysseus''' (meaning "man of wrath" according to [[Homer]], or more likely, from Greek οδηγός: ''odēgós'', "a guide; the one showing the way"), is a character in [[Greek mythology]], known as '''Ulysses''' or '''Ulixes''' in Roman mythology. Known for his guile and resourcefulness, he is the hero of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', and a major character in the ''[[Iliad]]''. Odysseus was the son of [[Laertes]] and [[Anticlea]], although some sources, prominent among them ''[[Iphigenia at Aulis]]'' by [[Euripides]], state that [[Sisyphus]] was his father.		'''Odysseus Laërtiades''' (Greek: Οδυσσεύς Λαερτιάδης}', 'son of [[Laertes]]'), or simply '''Odysseus''' (meaning "man of wrath" according to [[Homer]], or more likely, from Greek οδηγός: ''odēgós'', "a guide; the one showing the way"), is a character in [[Greek mythology]], known as '''Ulysses''' or '''Ulixes''' in Roman mythology. Known for his guile and resourcefulness, he is the hero of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', and a major character in the ''[[Iliad]]''. Odysseus was the son of [[Laertes]] and [[Anticlea]], although some sources, prominent among them ''[[Iphigenia at Aulis]]'' by [[Euripides]], state that [[Sisyphus]] was his father.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:50, February 24, 2009
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		+	'''Fuck you!!!'''
	'''Odysseus Laërtiades''' (Greek: Οδυσσεύς Λαερτιάδης}', 'son of [[Laertes]]'), or simply '''Odysseus''' (meaning "man of wrath" according to [[Homer]], or more likely, from Greek οδηγός: ''odēgós'', "a guide; the one showing the way"), is a character in [[Greek mythology]], known as '''Ulysses''' or '''Ulixes''' in Roman mythology. Known for his guile and resourcefulness, he is the hero of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', and a major character in the ''[[Iliad]]''. Odysseus was the son of [[Laertes]] and [[Anticlea]], although some sources, prominent among them ''[[Iphigenia at Aulis]]'' by [[Euripides]], state that [[Sisyphus]] was his father.		'''Odysseus Laërtiades''' (Greek: Οδυσσεύς Λαερτιάδης}', 'son of [[Laertes]]'), or simply '''Odysseus''' (meaning "man of wrath" according to [[Homer]], or more likely, from Greek οδηγός: ''odēgós'', "a guide; the one showing the way"), is a character in [[Greek mythology]], known as '''Ulysses''' or '''Ulixes''' in Roman mythology. Known for his guile and resourcefulness, he is the hero of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', and a major character in the ''[[Iliad]]''. Odysseus was the son of [[Laertes]] and [[Anticlea]], although some sources, prominent among them ''[[Iphigenia at Aulis]]'' by [[Euripides]], state that [[Sisyphus]] was his father.

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 Odysseus stopped at [[Aiolia]], home of [[Aeolus]], the god of the winds. He gave them hospitality for a month and provided for a west wind to carry them home. Unfortunately he also provided a gift of a bag containing each of the four winds, which Odysseus' crew members, suspecting that treasure was in the bag, opened just before their home was reached. They were blown back to Aiolia, where Aeolus refused to provide any further help.
-===The [[Laestrygonian]]s===
+===The [[Laestrygonians]]===
 They came to [[Telepylos]], the stronghold of [[Lamos of the Laestrygonians|Lamos]], king of the [[Laestrygonians]]. These people attacked the fleet with boulders, sinking all but one of the ships and killing hundreds of Odysseus' men.

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 On Circe's island, one member of Odysseus' crew, his good friend [[Elpenor]], got drunk and fell off Circe's roof. The fall killed him.
-===Journey to the [[Underworld]]===
+===Journey to the [[Hades|Underworld]]===
 Odysseus wanted to speak with [[Tiresias]], so he and his men journeyed to the River [[Acheron]] where they performed sacrifices which allowed them to speak to the dead, including his mother, [[Elpenor]], Tiresias, and [[Achilles]]. They all gave him valuable advice on how to pass the rest of his journey. Odysseus sacrificed a ram and the dead spirits were attracted to the blood. He held them at bay and demanded to speak with Tiresias, who told him how to pass by [[Helios]]' cattle. He also told Odysseus that after he returned to Ithaca, that he must take a well-made oar and walk inland with it until someone asked him why he carried a winnowing-fan on his back. At that place, he was to make a sacrifice to Poseidon. He also told Odysseus that after all that was done, that he would die an old man, "full of years and peace of mind," that his death would come from the sea and that his life would ebb away very gently. (Some read this as meaning that his death would come away from the sea.)

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 == Odysseus reaches Ithaca ==
-In Ithaca, Penelope was fending off countless suitors while Odysseus' mother, [[Anticlea]], had died of grief.  Odysseus, upon landing, disguised himself as an old man or a beggar and took the name '''Eperitus'''. Odysseus' faithful dog [[Argos (mythology)|Argos]] was the first to recognize him in his rags. He had waited twenty years to see his master. Aged and decrepit, he did his best to wag his tail, and then happily lay down to die. Odysseus was then welcomed by his old [[swineherd]], [[Eumaeus]], who did not recognize him in disguise, but still treated him well. The first person to recognize him was his old [[wet nurse]], [[Euryclea]].
+In Ithaca, Penelope was fending off countless suitors while Odysseus' mother, [[Anticlea]], had died of grief.  Odysseus, upon landing, disguised himself as an old man or a beggar and took the name '''Eperitus'''. Odysseus' faithful dog [[Argos (mythology)|Argos]] was the first to recognize him in his rags. He had waited twenty years to see his master. Aged and decrepit, he did his best to wag his tail, and then happily lay down to die. Odysseus was then welcomed by his old swineherd, [[Eumaeus]], who did not recognize him in disguise, but still treated him well. The first person to recognize him was his old wet nurse, [[Euryclea]].
 Odysseus learned that Penelope was faithful to him, pretending to knit or weave a burial shroud (for they claimed he must be dead) and claiming she would choose one suitor when she finished. Every night she undid part of the shroud, until one day, a maid of hers betrayed this secret to the suitors, and they demanded that she finally choose one of them to be her new husband. Luckily for Odysseus, this occurred just before he returned.  Odysseus watched the suitors drink and take advantage of his family's hospitality. Still in his disguise, Odysseus went to Penelope and told her that he had met Odysseus, and he said that whomever could string Odysseus' bow and shoot the most arrows through a certain axe-handle would be able to marry Penelope. This was to Odysseus' advantage, as only he could string his own bow (it is believed that Odysseus' bow was a composite bow, requiring great skill and leverage to string, rather than brute strength). Penelope then announced what Odysseus had said. The suitors each tried to string the bow, but in vain. Odysseus then took the bow, strung it, took off his disguise and, with the help of his son Telemachus, Athena, and [[Eumaeus]], the swineherd, killed all of them save [[Medon]], who had been polite to Penelope, and [[Phemius]], a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope. Penelope, still not quite sure that the stranger was indeed her husband, tested him. She ordered her maid to make up Odysseus' bed, and move it from their bedchamber. Odysseus was astonished because the bed was built into the trunk of an olive tree and thus cannot be moved; he tells her this, and since only Odysseus and Penelope knew this, Penelope accepted that he was her husband.

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 ===[[Helios]]' Cattle===
-Finally, Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, [[Thrinacia]], sacred to Helios, where he kept sacred cattle. Though Odysseus warned his men not to (as Tiresias had told him), they killed and ate some of the cattle. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, [[Lampetia]] and [[Phaethusa]], told their father.  Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. Sometimes, [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]] is cited in place of Helios in this part of the legend.
+Finally, Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, [[Thrinacia]], sacred to Helios, where he kept sacred cattle. Though Odysseus warned his men not to (as Tiresias had told him), they killed and ate some of the cattle. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, [[Lampetia]] and [[Phaethusa]], told their father.  Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. Sometimes, [[Apollo]] is cited in place of Helios in this part of the legend.
 ===Kalypso ([[Calypso]])===

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 In [[fifth-century BC]] [[Athens]], tales of the Trojan War were popular subjects for [[tragedies]], and Odysseus figures centrally or indirectly in a number of the extant plays by [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], (''Ajax'', ''Philoctetes'') and [[Euripides]], and figured in still more that have not survived.
-As Ulysses, he is mentioned regularly in [[Virgil]]'s [[Aeneid]], and the poem's hero, [[Aeneas]], rescues one of Ulysses' crew members who was left behind on the island of the Cyclops. He in turn offers a first-person account of some of the same events Homer relates, in which Ulysses appears directly. Virgil's Ulysses typifies his view of the Greeks: he is cunning but impious, and ultimately malicious and hedonistic.
+As Ulysses, he is mentioned regularly in Virgil's Aeneid, and the poem's hero, [[Aeneas]], rescues one of Ulysses' crew members who was left behind on the island of the Cyclops. He in turn offers a first-person account of some of the same events Homer relates, in which Ulysses appears directly. Virgil's Ulysses typifies his view of the Greeks: he is cunning but impious, and ultimately malicious and hedonistic.
 Ovid retells parts of Ulysses' journeys, focusing on his romantic involvements with Circe and Calypso, and recasts him as, in Harold Bloom's phrase, "one of the great wandering womanizers."
-[[Dante]], in Canto Twenty-Six of the [[Dante's Inferno|Inferno]] of his [[Divine Comedy]], encounters Odysseus near the very bottom of Hell: with [[Diomedes]], he walks wrapped in flame in the eighth ring (Counselors of Fraud) of the Eighth circle (Sins of Malice), as punishment for his schemes and conspiracies that won the Trojan War. In a famous passage, Dante has Odysseus relate a different version of his final voyage and death from the one foreshadowed by Homer. He tells how he set out with his men for one final journey of exploration to sail beyond the [[Pillars of Hercules]] and into the western sea to find what adventures awaited them. After travelling east and south for five months, they saw in the distance a great mountain rising from the sea (this is [[Purgatory]], in Dante's cosmology), before a storm sank them.
+Dante, in Canto Twenty-Six of the Inferno of his Divine Comedy, encounters Odysseus near the very bottom of Hell: with [[Diomedes]], he walks wrapped in flame in the eighth ring (Counselors of Fraud) of the Eighth circle (Sins of Malice), as punishment for his schemes and conspiracies that won the Trojan War. In a famous passage, Dante has Odysseus relate a different version of his final voyage and death from the one foreshadowed by Homer. He tells how he set out with his men for one final journey of exploration to sail beyond the [[Pillars of Hercules]] and into the western sea to find what adventures awaited them. After travelling east and south for five months, they saw in the distance a great mountain rising from the sea (this is Purgatory, in Dante's cosmology), before a storm sank them.
-He appears in [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Troilus and Cressida]], set during the Trojan War.
+He appears in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, set during the Trojan War.
-[[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s ''[[Ulysses (poem)|Ulysses]]'' presents an aging king who has seen too much of the world to be happy sitting on a throne idling his days away. Leaving the task of civilizing his people to his son, he gathers together a band of old comrades "to sail beyond the sunset".
+Alfred, Lord Tennyson's ''Ulysses'' presents an aging king who has seen too much of the world to be happy sitting on a throne idling his days away. Leaving the task of civilizing his people to his son, he gathers together a band of old comrades "to sail beyond the sunset".
-[[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' uses modern literary devices to narrate a single day in the life of a Dublin businessman named Leopold Bloom; which turns out to bear many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' twenty years of wandering.
+James Joyce's novel ''Ulysses'' uses modern literary devices to narrate a single day in the life of a Dublin businessman named Leopold Bloom; which turns out to bear many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' twenty years of wandering.
 [[Nikos Kazantzakis]]' ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'', a 33,333 line epic poem, begins with Odysseus cleansing his body of the blood of [[Penelope]]'s suitors. Odysseus soon leaves Ithaca in search of new adventures. Before his death he abducts [[Helen]], incites revolutions in [[Crete]] and Egypt, communes with God, and meets representatives of various historical and literary figures such as Vladimir Lenin, Jesus and Don Quixote.
 ==Classical references to Odysseus==

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 Once the sheep (and men) were safely out, Polyphemus realized the men were no longer in his cave. He yelled out to his fellow Cyclopes that "Nobody" hurt him, so they ignored him. As Odysseus and his men were sailing away, he told Polyphemus that "Nobody didn't hurt you, Odysseus did!" Odysseus did not realize that Polyphemus was the son of Poseidon, and that telling him his name would have severe repercussions.
-In another interpretation, Odysseus knew that revealing his name would harm him; however his honor, or [[hubris]] compelled him to do so.
+In another interpretation, Odysseus knew that revealing his name would harm him; however his honor, or hubris compelled him to do so.
-According to Virgil's Aeneid, [[Achaemenides]] was one of Odysseus' crew who stayed on [[Sicily]] with [[Polyphemus]] until [[Aeneas]] arrived and took him with him.
+According to Virgil's Aeneid, [[Achaemenides]] was one of Odysseus' crew who stayed on Sicily with [[Polyphemus]] until [[Aeneas]] arrived and took him with him.
 ===[[Aeolus]]===
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 ===Kalypso ([[Calypso]])===
-Odysseus was washed ashore on [[Ogygia]], where the nymph [[Kalypso (mythology)|Kalypso]] (Calypso) lived. She made him her lover for seven years and would not let him leave, promising him immortality if he stayed. On behalf of [[Athena]], [[Zeus]] intervened and sent [[Hermes]] to tell Kalypso to let Odysseus go. Odysseus left on a small raft furnished with provisions of water, wine and food by Kalypso, only to be hit by a storm and washed up on the island of [[Scheria]] and found by [[Nausicaa]], daughter of King [[Alcinous]] and Queen [[Arete (mythology)|Arete]] of the [[Phaeacia|Phaeacians]], who entertained him well and escorted him to Ithaca. On the twentieth day of sailing he arrived at his home in Ithaca.
+Odysseus was washed ashore on [[Ogygia]], where the nymph [[Calypso|Kalypso]] (Calypso) lived. She made him her lover for seven years and would not let him leave, promising him immortality if he stayed. On behalf of [[Athena]], [[Zeus]] intervened and sent [[Hermes]] to tell Kalypso to let Odysseus go. Odysseus left on a small raft furnished with provisions of water, wine and food by Kalypso, only to be hit by a storm and washed up on the island of [[Scheria]] and found by [[Nausicaa]], daughter of King [[Alcinous]] and Queen [[Arete (mythology)|Arete]] of the [[Phaeacia|Phaeacians]], who entertained him well and escorted him to Ithaca. On the twentieth day of sailing he arrived at his home in Ithaca.
 == Odysseus reaches Ithaca ==
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s ''[[Ulysses (poem)|Ulysses]]'' presents an aging king who has seen too much of the world to be happy sitting on a throne idling his days away. Leaving the task of civilizing his people to his son, he gathers together a band of old comrades "to sail beyond the sunset".
-[[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' uses modern literary devices to narrate a single day in the life of a Dublin businessman named [[Leopold Bloom]]; which turns out to bear many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' twenty years of wandering.
+[[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' uses modern literary devices to narrate a single day in the life of a Dublin businessman named Leopold Bloom; which turns out to bear many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' twenty years of wandering.
-[[Nikos Kazantzakis]]' ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'', a 33,333 line epic poem, begins with Odysseus cleansing his body of the blood of [[Penelope]]'s suitors. Odysseus soon leaves Ithaca in search of new adventures. Before his death he abducts [[Helen]], incites revolutions in [[Crete]] and [[Egypt]], communes with God, and meets representatives of various historical and literary figures such as [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Jesus]], and [[Don Quixote]].
+[[Nikos Kazantzakis]]' ''[[The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel]]'', a 33,333 line epic poem, begins with Odysseus cleansing his body of the blood of [[Penelope]]'s suitors. Odysseus soon leaves Ithaca in search of new adventures. Before his death he abducts [[Helen]], incites revolutions in [[Crete]] and Egypt, communes with God, and meets representatives of various historical and literary figures such as Vladimir Lenin, Jesus and Don Quixote.
 ==Classical references to Odysseus==
@@ Line 100: / Line 99: @@
 *[[Apollodorus]]. [[Bibliotheke]] III, 8
 *[[Apollodorus]]. [[Epitome]] III, 7; V, 6-22; VII, 1-40
-*[[Ovid]]. [[Metamorphoses (poem)|Metamorphoses]] XIII, 1-398
+*Ovid. Metamorphoses XIII, 1-398

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 ===Before the Trojan War===
-Odysseus was one of the original suitors of [[Helen]]. He agreed to help [[Tyndareus]], her father, settle the dispute for her hand in marriage, in return for which Tyndareus supported Odysseus in his quest to marry Penelope. Odysseus and all the other suitors pledged to defend Helen's marriage to the winning suitor, [[Menelaus]].
+Odysseus was one of the original suitors of [[Helen of Troy|Helen]]. He agreed to help [[Tyndareus]], her father, settle the dispute for her hand in marriage, in return for which Tyndareus supported Odysseus in his quest to marry Penelope. Odysseus and all the other suitors pledged to defend Helen's marriage to the winning suitor, [[Menelaus]].
 Odysseus did not want to make good on his pledge to defend Menelaus' marriage. He pretended to be insane, ploughing his fields and sowing salt instead of seeds. [[Agamemnon]] (Menelaus' brother), however, sent [[Palamedes]] to retrieve Odysseus. Palamedes was very intelligent and placed Telemachus, Odysseus' infant son, in front of the plough. Odysseus could not kill his son and revealed his sanity, then left for the [[Trojan War]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:38, October 1, 2005
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	[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]		[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
	[[Category:Greek mythological people]]		[[Category:Greek mythological people]]
		+	[[Category:Characters in the Iliad]]