Philetaerus - Revision history

Irlandos at 08:40, November 23, 2008

2008-11-23T08:40:59Z

Irlandos: /* Notes */

2007-06-07T15:17:33Z

Notes

Irlandos at 15:12, June 7, 2007

2007-06-07T15:12:43Z

Irlandos at 15:12, June 7, 2007

2007-06-07T15:12:08Z

Irlandos at 15:01, June 7, 2007

2007-06-07T15:01:49Z

Irlandos: New page: '''Philetaerus''' (Greek: '''Φιλέταιρος''', ca. 343 BC–263 BC) was the founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon in Anatolia. He wa...

2007-06-07T15:00:49Z

New page: '''Philetaerus''' (Greek: '''Φιλέταιρος''', ca. 343 BC–263 BC) was the founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon in Anatolia. He wa...

New page

'''Philetaerus''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: '''Φιλέταιρος''', ca. [[343 BC]]–[[263 BC]]) was the founder of the [[Attalid dynasty]] of [[Pergamon]] in [[Anatolia]].

He was born in Tieum,{{rf|1|Strabo_12.3.8}} a small town on the [[Black Sea]] coast of Anatolia between [[Bithynia]] to the west and [[Paphlagonia]] to the east. His father was Attalus (perhaps from [[Macedon]]) and his mother Boa was Paphlagonian.{{rf|2|Hansen_p15}}

After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[323 BC]], Philetaerus became embroiled in the struggle for supremacy, called the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] (diadochi means "successors" in Greek) between Alexander's regional governors, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Phrygia]], [[Lysimachus]] in [[Thrace]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] in [[Babylonia]] (among others). Philetaerus served first under Antigonus. He then shifted his allegiance to Lysimachus, who, after Antigonus was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in [[301 BC]], made Philetaerus commander of Pergamon, where Lysimachus kept a treasury of nine thousand [[talent]]s of silver.{{rf|3|Strabo_13.4.1}}

Philetaerus served Lysimachus until [[282 BC]], when perhaps because of conflicts involving the court intrigues of [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoë]], Lysimachus' third wife, Philetaerus deserted Lysimachus, offering himself and the important fortress of Pergamon, along with its treasury to Seleucus{{rf|4|Paus_1.10.3_Strabo_13.4.1}}, who subsequently defeated and killed Lysimachus{{rf|5|Paus_1.10.5}} at the [[Battle of Corupedium]] in [[281 BC]]. Seleucus himself was killed by [[Ptolemy Ceraunus]], a brother of Arsinoë at [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] a few months later.{{rf|6|Just_17.2_Strabo_13.4.1}}

Though nominally under Seleucid control, Philetaerus, especially after the death of Seleucus, had considerable autonomy and was able with the help of his considerable wealth to increase his power and influence beyond Pergamon. There are numerous records of Philetaerus as benefactor to neighboring cities and temples, including the temples at [[Delphi]] and [[Delos]]. He also contributed troops, money and food to the city of [[Cyzicus]] for defense against the invading [[Gauls]]. As a result Philetaerus gained prestige and goodwill for himself and his family.{{rf|7|Hansen_p18-19_Strabo_13.4.1}}

During his nearly forty year rule, he constructed on the [[acropolis]] of Pergamon, the temple of [[Demeter]], and the temple of [[Athena]] (Pergamon's patron deity), and Pergamon's first palace and he added considerably to the city's fortifications.{{rf|8|Hansen_p17}}

Philetaerus was a eunuch, though scholars differ on the reason for his castration. [[Attalos I]], the first [[Attalid]] king of [[Pergamon]], explained that when Philetaerus was a baby, he was brought into a crowd where he was pressed upon and his testicles were crushed. Some scholars believe that this story was concocted by Attalos as a way to make the origins of his dynasty look better, for eunuchs that were castrated for the purpose of royal service (which is the other plausible reason for Philetaerus' eunuchism) were often humiliated. The fact that Philetaerus was a eunuch can be seen by his overweight appearance on coins minted after his death.

:"Philetaerus of Tieium, was a eunuch from boyhood; for it came to pass at a certain burial, when a spectacle was being given at which many people were present, that the nurse who was carrying Philetaerus, still an infant, was caught in the crowd and pressed so hard that the child was incapacitated. He was a eunuch, therefore, but he was well trained and proved worthy of this trust." [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 Strabo 13.4.1]

Philetaerus never married and, since he was a eunuch, had no children.{{rf|9|Strabo_13.4.1_Paus_1.8.1}} He adopted his nephew [[Eumenes I]] (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes), who succeeded him as ruler of Pergamon, upon his death in 263 BC.{{rf|10|Strabo_13.4.2}}
With the exception of [[Eumenes II]], all future Attalid rulers depicted the bust of Philetaerus on their coins, paying tribute to the founder of their dynasty.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | before = — | title = [[Attalid dynasty|Attalid Ruler]]|years= | after = [[Eumenes I]]}}
{{end box}}

== Notes ==
{{ent|1|Strabo_12.3.8}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+12.3.8 12.3.8]
{{ent|2|Hansen_p15}} Hansen, p. 15.
{{ent|3|Strabo_13.4.1}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
{{ent|4|Paus_1.10.3_Strabo_13.4.1}} Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.3, 4]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
{{ent|5|Paus_1.10.5}} Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.5]
{{ent|6|Just_17.2_Strabo_13.4.1}} Junianus Justinus [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans17.html 17.2]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
{{ent|7|Hansen_p18-19_Strabo_13.4.1}} For a more detailed account of the benefactions of Philetaerus, including sources, see Hansen, pp. 18–19; see also Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
{{ent|8|Hansen_p17}} Hansen, pp. 17, 18
{{ent|9|Strabo_13.4.1_Paus_1.8.1}} Both Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1] and Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.8.1 1.8.1] state that he was a eunuch, according to Strabo, as the result of a childhood accident.
{{ent|10|Strabo_13.4.2}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2 13.4.2]

== References ==
*Hansen, Esther V. (1971). ''The Attalids of Pergamon''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; London: Cornell University Press Ltd. ISBN 0-8014-0615-3.
*[[Junianus Justinus]], Epitome of the ''Philippic History'' of Pompeius Trogus, translated, with Footnotes, by the Rev. John Selby Watson; London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden (1853).[http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/introduction.html  ]
*[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918) ISBN 0-674-99104-4.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1  ]
*[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', (Loeb Classical Library) translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924) Books 10-12, ISBN 0-674-99233-4; Books 13-14, ISBN 0-674-99246-6.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+toc  ]

{{Credit wikipedia}}

[[Category:Attalid dynasty]]
[[Category:343 BC births]]
[[Category:263 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek rulers]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 He was born in Tieum,<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup> a small town on the [[Black Sea]] coast of Anatolia between [[Bithynia]] to the west and [[Paphlagonia]] to the east.  His father was Attalus (perhaps from [[Macedon]]) and his mother Boa was Paphlagonian. <sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>
-After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[323 BC]], Philetaerus became embroiled in the struggle for supremacy, called the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] (diadochi means "successors" in Greek) between Alexander's regional governors, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Phrygia]], [[Lysimachus]] in [[Thrace]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] in [[Babylonia]] (among others). Philetaerus served first under Antigonus. He then shifted his allegiance to Lysimachus, who, after Antigonus was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in [[301 BC]], made Philetaerus commander of Pergamon, where Lysimachus kept a treasury of nine thousand [[talent]]s of silver. <sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>
+After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[323 BC]], Philetaerus became embroiled in the struggle for supremacy, called the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] (diadochi means "successors" in Greek) between Alexander's regional governors, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Phrygia]], [[Lysimachus]] in [[Thrace]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] in Babylonia (among others). Philetaerus served first under Antigonus. He then shifted his allegiance to Lysimachus, who, after Antigonus was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in [[301 BC]], made Philetaerus commander of Pergamon, where Lysimachus kept a treasury of nine thousand talents of silver. <sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>
 Philetaerus served Lysimachus until [[282 BC]], when perhaps because of conflicts involving the court intrigues of [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoë]], Lysimachus' third wife, Philetaerus deserted Lysimachus, offering himself and the important fortress of Pergamon, along with its treasury to Seleucus <sup>[[#References|4]]</sup>,

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 :"Philetaerus of Tieium, was a eunuch from boyhood; for it came to pass at a certain burial, when a spectacle was being given at which many people were present, that the nurse who was carrying Philetaerus, still an infant, was caught in the crowd and pressed so hard that the child was incapacitated. He was a eunuch, therefore, but he was well trained and proved worthy of this trust." [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 Strabo 13.4.1]
-Philetaerus never married and, since he was a eunuch, had no children.<sup>[[#References|9]]</sup>
+Philetaerus never married and, since he was a eunuch, had no children.<sup>[[#References|9]]</sup> He adopted his nephew [[Eumenes I]] (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes), who succeeded him as ruler of Pergamon, upon his death in 263 BC. <sup>[[#References|10]]</sup>
 With the exception of [[Eumenes II]], all future Attalid rulers depicted the bust of Philetaerus on their coins, paying tribute to the founder of their dynasty.

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 == Notes ==
-{{ent|1|Strabo_12.3.8}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+12.3.8 12.3.8]
-{{ent|2|Hansen_p15}}  Hansen, p. 15.
+# Strabo_12.3.8 Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+12.3.8 12.3.8]
-{{ent|3|Strabo_13.4.1}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
+# Hansen_p15  Hansen, p. 15.
-{{ent|4|Paus_1.10.3_Strabo_13.4.1}} Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.3, 4]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
+# Strabo_13.4.1 Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
-{{ent|5|Paus_1.10.5}} Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.5]
+# Paus_1.10.3_Strabo_13.4.1 Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.3, 4]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
-{{ent|6|Just_17.2_Strabo_13.4.1}} Junianus Justinus  [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans17.html 17.2]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
+# Paus_1.10.5 Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.10.1 1.10.5]
-{{ent|7|Hansen_p18-19_Strabo_13.4.1}} For a more detailed account of the benefactions of Philetaerus, including sources, see Hansen, pp. 18&ndash;19; see also Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
+# Just_17.2_Strabo_13.4.1 Junianus Justinus  [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans17.html 17.2]; Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
-{{ent|8|Hansen_p17}} Hansen, pp. 17, 18
+# Hansen_p18-19_Strabo_13.4.1 For a more detailed account of the benefactions of Philetaerus, including sources, see Hansen, pp. 18&ndash;19; see also Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1]
-{{ent|9|Strabo_13.4.1_Paus_1.8.1}} Both Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1] and Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.8.1 1.8.1] state that he was a eunuch, according to Strabo, as the result of a childhood accident.
+# Hansen_p17 Hansen, pp. 17, 18
-{{ent|10|Strabo_13.4.2}} Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2 13.4.2]
+# Strabo_13.4.1_Paus_1.8.1 Both Strabo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 13.4.1] and Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.8.1 1.8.1] state that he was a eunuch, according to Strabo, as the result of a childhood accident.
 == References ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Philetaerus''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: '''Φιλέταιρος''', ca. [[343 BC]]&ndash;[[263 BC]]) was the founder of the [[Attalid dynasty]] of [[Pergamon]] in [[Anatolia]].
-He was born in Tieum,{{rf|1|Strabo_12.3.8}} a small town on the [[Black Sea]] coast of Anatolia between [[Bithynia]] to the west and [[Paphlagonia]] to the east.  His father was Attalus (perhaps from [[Macedon]]) and his mother Boa was Paphlagonian.{{rf|2|Hansen_p15}}
+He was born in Tieum,<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup> a small town on the [[Black Sea]] coast of Anatolia between [[Bithynia]] to the west and [[Paphlagonia]] to the east.  His father was Attalus (perhaps from [[Macedon]]) and his mother Boa was Paphlagonian. <sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>
-After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[323 BC]], Philetaerus became embroiled in the struggle for supremacy, called the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] (diadochi means "successors" in Greek) between Alexander's regional governors, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Phrygia]], [[Lysimachus]] in [[Thrace]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] in [[Babylonia]] (among others). Philetaerus served first under Antigonus. He then shifted his allegiance to Lysimachus, who, after Antigonus was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in [[301 BC]], made Philetaerus commander of Pergamon, where Lysimachus kept a treasury of nine thousand [[talent]]s of silver.{{rf|3|Strabo_13.4.1}}
+After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[323 BC]], Philetaerus became embroiled in the struggle for supremacy, called the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] (diadochi means "successors" in Greek) between Alexander's regional governors, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Phrygia]], [[Lysimachus]] in [[Thrace]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] in [[Babylonia]] (among others). Philetaerus served first under Antigonus. He then shifted his allegiance to Lysimachus, who, after Antigonus was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in [[301 BC]], made Philetaerus commander of Pergamon, where Lysimachus kept a treasury of nine thousand [[talent]]s of silver. <sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>
-Philetaerus served Lysimachus until [[282 BC]], when perhaps because of conflicts involving the court intrigues of [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoë]], Lysimachus' third wife, Philetaerus deserted Lysimachus, offering himself and the important fortress of Pergamon, along with its treasury to Seleucus{{rf|4|Paus_1.10.3_Strabo_13.4.1}}, who subsequently defeated and killed Lysimachus{{rf|5|Paus_1.10.5}} at the [[Battle of Corupedium]] in [[281 BC]]. Seleucus himself was killed by [[Ptolemy Ceraunus]], a brother of Arsinoë at [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] a few months later.{{rf|6|Just_17.2_Strabo_13.4.1}}
+Philetaerus served Lysimachus until [[282 BC]], when perhaps because of conflicts involving the court intrigues of [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoë]], Lysimachus' third wife, Philetaerus deserted Lysimachus, offering himself and the important fortress of Pergamon, along with its treasury to Seleucus <sup>[[#References|4]]</sup>,
-During his nearly forty year rule, he constructed on the [[acropolis]] of Pergamon, the temple of [[Demeter]], and the temple of [[Athena]] (Pergamon's patron deity), and Pergamon's first palace and he added considerably to the city's fortifications.{{rf|8|Hansen_p17}}
+Though nominally under Seleucid control, Philetaerus, especially after the death of Seleucus, had considerable autonomy and was able with the help of his considerable wealth to increase his power and influence beyond Pergamon. There are numerous records of Philetaerus as benefactor to neighboring cities and temples, including the temples at [[Delphi]] and [[Delos]]. He also contributed troops, money and food to the city of [[Cyzicus]] for defense against the invading Gauls. As a result Philetaerus gained prestige and goodwill for himself and his family. <sup>[[#References|7]]</sup>
 Philetaerus was a eunuch, though scholars differ on the reason for his castration.  [[Attalos I]], the first [[Attalid]] king of [[Pergamon]], explained that when Philetaerus was a baby, he was brought into a crowd where he was pressed upon and his testicles were crushed.  Some scholars believe that this story was concocted by Attalos as a way to make the origins of his dynasty look better, for eunuchs that were castrated for the purpose of royal service (which is the other plausible reason for Philetaerus' eunuchism) were often humiliated.  The fact that Philetaerus was a eunuch can be seen by his overweight appearance on coins minted after his death.
@@ Line 15: / Line 20: @@
 :"Philetaerus of Tieium, was a eunuch from boyhood; for it came to pass at a certain burial, when a spectacle was being given at which many people were present, that the nurse who was carrying Philetaerus, still an infant, was caught in the crowd and pressed so hard that the child was incapacitated. He was a eunuch, therefore, but he was well trained and proved worthy of this trust." [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.1 Strabo 13.4.1]
-Philetaerus never married and, since he was a eunuch, had no children.{{rf|9|Strabo_13.4.1_Paus_1.8.1}} He adopted his nephew [[Eumenes I]] (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes), who succeeded him as ruler of Pergamon, upon his death in 263 BC.{{rf|10|Strabo_13.4.2}}
+Philetaerus never married and, since he was a eunuch, had no children.<sup>[[#References|9]]</sup>
 With the exception of [[Eumenes II]], all future Attalid rulers depicted the bust of Philetaerus on their coins, paying tribute to the founder of their dynasty.

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 *[[Junianus Justinus]], Epitome of the ''Philippic History'' of Pompeius Trogus, translated, with Footnotes, by the Rev. John Selby Watson; London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden (1853).[http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/introduction.html  &nbsp;]
 *[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918) ISBN 0-674-99104-4.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1 &nbsp;]
-*[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', (Loeb Classical Library) translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924)  Books 10-12, ISBN 0-674-99233-4; Books 13-14, ISBN 0-674-99246-6.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+toc &nbsp;]
+*Strabo, ''Geography'', (Loeb Classical Library) translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924)  Books 10-12, ISBN 0-674-99233-4; Books 13-14, ISBN 0-674-99246-6.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+toc &nbsp;]
 {{Credit wikipedia}}