Semele - Revision history

Irlandos: /* Impregnation by Zeus */

2012-02-13T20:37:41Z

Impregnation by Zeus

Irlandos: /* Seduction by Zeus and birth of Dionysus */

2012-02-13T20:35:07Z

Seduction by Zeus and birth of Dionysus

Irlandos at 20:32, February 13, 2012

2012-02-13T20:32:22Z

Irlandos: /* References */

2012-02-13T20:29:04Z

References

Irlandos: /* References */

2012-02-13T20:27:46Z

References

Irlandos: /* External links */

2012-02-13T20:24:26Z

External links

Irlandos: /* References */

2012-02-13T20:22:46Z

References

Irlandos: /* Notes */

2012-02-13T20:20:34Z

Notes

Irlandos: /* Semele in Roman culture */

2012-02-13T20:19:59Z

Semele in Roman culture

Irlandos: /* Semele in Etruscan culture */

2012-02-13T20:19:12Z

Semele in Etruscan culture

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 As a result of this Dionysus "was also called Dimetor [of two mothers] ... because the two ''Dionysoi'' were born of one father, but of two mothers" <ref>([[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Library of History'' 4. 4. 5, quoted in the  [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Theoi.com] collection of Zagreus sources])</ref>
-Still another variant of the narrative is found in [[Callimachus]]<ref>Callimachus, Fragments, in the etymol. ζαγρεὺς, ''Zagreos''; see Karl Otfried Müller, John Leitch, ''Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology'' (1844), p.319, n.5</ref> and the 5th century AD Greek writer [[Nonnus]].<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 24. 43 ff'' — translation in [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Zagreus]</ref> In this version, the first Dionysus is called [[Zagreus]]. Nonnus does not present the conception as virginal; rather, the editor's notes say that Zeus swallowed Zagreus' heart, and visited the mortal woman Semele, whom he seduced and made pregnant. In [http://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca7.html ''Dionysiaca'' 7.110] he classifies Zeus's affair with Semele as one in a set of twelve, the other eleven women on whom he begot children being [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa]], the nymph [[Plouto|Pluto]], [[Danae]], Aigina, [[Antiope]], [[Leda]], [[Dia (mythology)|Dia]], [[Alcmene]], Laodameia, mother of [[Sarpedon]], and [[Olympias]].
+Still another variant of the narrative is found in [[Callimachus]]<ref>Callimachus, Fragments, in the etymol. ζαγρεὺς, ''Zagreos''; see Karl Otfried Müller, John Leitch, ''Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology'' (1844), p.319, n.5</ref> and the 5th century AD Greek writer [[Nonnus]].<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 24. 43 ff'' — translation in [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Zagreus]</ref> In this version, the first Dionysus is called [[Zagreus]]. Nonnus does not present the conception as virginal; rather, the editor's notes say that Zeus swallowed Zagreus' heart, and visited the mortal woman Semele, whom he seduced and made pregnant. In [http://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca7.html ''Dionysiaca'' 7.110] he classifies Zeus's affair with Semele as one in a set of twelve, the other eleven women on whom he begot children being [[Io]], [[Europa]], the nymph [[Plouto|Pluto]], [[Danae]], Aigina, [[Antiope]], [[Leda]], [[Dia (mythology)|Dia]], [[Alcmene]], Laodameia, mother of [[Sarpedon]], and [[Olympias]].
 ==Locations==

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 ==Seduction by Zeus and birth of Dionysus==
-In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of [[Zeus]], and on one occasion was observed by him as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river [[Asopus]] to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and afterwards repeatedly visited her secretly.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 7.110-8.177 </ref>
+In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of [[Zeus]], and on one occasion was observed by him as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river [[Asopus]] to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and afterwards repeatedly visited her secretly.<ref>Nonnus, ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 7.110-8.177 </ref>
 Zeus' wife, [[Hera]], a goddess jealous of usurpers, discovered his affair with Semele when she later became pregnant. Appearing as an old crone,<ref>Or in the guise of Semele's nurse, Beroë, in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' III.256ff and Hyginus, ''Fabulae''167.</ref> Hera befriended Semele, who confided in her that her lover was actually Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele asked Zeus to grant her a boon. Zeus, eager to please his beloved, promised on the River Styx to grant her anything she wanted. She then demanded that Zeus reveal himself in all his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he was forced by his oath to comply. Zeus tried to spare her by showing her the smallest of his bolts and the sparsest thunderstorm clouds he could find. Mortals, however, cannot look upon Zeus without incinerating, and she perished, consumed in lightning-ignited flame.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' III.308–312; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 179; Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.178-406</ref>
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh (whence the epithet Eiraphiotes, "insewn", of the Homeric Hymn). A few months later, Dionysus was born. This leads to his being called "the twice-born".<ref>Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' 3.4.3; [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 4.1137; [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Gods'' 9; compare the birth of [[Asclepius]], taken from [[Coronis]] on her funeral pyre (noted by L. Preller, ''Theogonie und Goetter'', vol I of ''Griechische Mythologie'' 1894:661).</ref>
-When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from [[Hades]],<ref>Hyginus, ''Astronomy'' 2.5; [[Arnobius]], ''Against the Gentiles'' 5.28 </ref> and she became a goddess on [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]], with the new name ''Thyone'', presiding over the frenzy inspired by her son Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.407-418</ref>
+When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from [[Hades]],<ref>Hyginus, ''Astronomy'' 2.5; [[Arnobius]], ''Against the Gentiles'' 5.28 </ref> and she became a goddess on [[Mount Olympus]], with the new name ''Thyone'', presiding over the frenzy inspired by her son Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.407-418</ref>
 ==Impregnation by Zeus==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Semele''' ([[Greek laguage|Greek]] Σεμέλη), in [[Greek mythology]], daughter of the [[Boeotia|Boeotian]] hero [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]], was the mortal mother of [[Dionysus]] by [[Zeus]] in one of his many origin myths. (In another version of his mythic origin, he is the son of [[Persephone]]).
+'''Semele''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Σεμέλη), in [[Greek mythology]], daughter of the [[Boeotia|Boeotian]] hero [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]], was the mortal mother of [[Dionysus]] by [[Zeus]] in one of his many origin myths. (In another version of his mythic origin, he is the son of [[Persephone]]).
 It seems that certain elements of the cult of Dionysos and Semele were adopted by the Thracians from the local populations when they moved to [[Asia Minor]], where they were named Phrygians. <ref>Martin Nillson (1967).''Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, Vol I''. C. H . Beck Verlag. Munchen p. 378 </ref>These were transmitted later to the  [[Greeks|Greek]] colonists. [[Herodotus]], who gives the account of [[Cadmus]], estimates that Semele lived sixteen hundred years before his time, or around [[2000 B.C.]]<ref>Herodotus, Histories, II, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%23367;layout=;loc=2.144.1 2.145]</ref>
 ==Seduction by Zeus and birth of Dionysus==
-In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of [[Zeus]], and on one occasion was observed by him as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river [[Asopus]] to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and afterwards repeatedly visited her secretly.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 7.110-8.177 {{Harv|Dalby|2005|pp=19–27, 150}}</ref>
+In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of [[Zeus]], and on one occasion was observed by him as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river [[Asopus]] to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and afterwards repeatedly visited her secretly.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 7.110-8.177 </ref>
-Zeus' wife, [[Hera]], a goddess jealous of usurpers, discovered his affair with Semele when she later became pregnant. Appearing as an old crone,<ref>Or in the guise of Semele's nurse, Beroë, in [[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphoses'' III.256ff and Hyginus, ''Fabulae''167.</ref> Hera befriended Semele, who confided in her that her lover was actually Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele asked Zeus to grant her a boon. Zeus, eager to please his beloved, promised on the River Styx to grant her anything she wanted. She then demanded that Zeus reveal himself in all his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he was forced by his oath to comply. Zeus tried to spare her by showing her the smallest of his bolts and the sparsest thunderstorm clouds he could find. Mortals, however, cannot look upon Zeus without incinerating, and she perished, consumed in lightning-ignited flame.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' III.308–312; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 179; Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.178-406</ref>
+Zeus' wife, [[Hera]], a goddess jealous of usurpers, discovered his affair with Semele when she later became pregnant. Appearing as an old crone,<ref>Or in the guise of Semele's nurse, Beroë, in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' III.256ff and Hyginus, ''Fabulae''167.</ref> Hera befriended Semele, who confided in her that her lover was actually Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele asked Zeus to grant her a boon. Zeus, eager to please his beloved, promised on the River Styx to grant her anything she wanted. She then demanded that Zeus reveal himself in all his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he was forced by his oath to comply. Zeus tried to spare her by showing her the smallest of his bolts and the sparsest thunderstorm clouds he could find. Mortals, however, cannot look upon Zeus without incinerating, and she perished, consumed in lightning-ignited flame.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' III.308–312; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 179; Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.178-406</ref>
 Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh (whence the epithet Eiraphiotes, "insewn", of the Homeric Hymn). A few months later, Dionysus was born. This leads to his being called "the twice-born".<ref>Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' 3.4.3; [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 4.1137; [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Gods'' 9; compare the birth of [[Asclepius]], taken from [[Coronis]] on her funeral pyre (noted by L. Preller, ''Theogonie und Goetter'', vol I of ''Griechische Mythologie'' 1894:661).</ref>
-When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from [[Hades]],<ref>Hyginus, ''Astronomy'' 2.5; [[Arnobius]], ''Against the Gentiles'' 5.28 {{Harv|Dalby|2005|pp=108–117}}</ref> and she became a goddess on [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]], with the new name ''Thyone'', presiding over the frenzy inspired by her son Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.407-418</ref>
+When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from [[Hades]],<ref>Hyginus, ''Astronomy'' 2.5; [[Arnobius]], ''Against the Gentiles'' 5.28 </ref> and she became a goddess on [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]], with the new name ''Thyone'', presiding over the frenzy inspired by her son Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 8.407-418</ref>
 ==Impregnation by Zeus==
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 As a result of this Dionysus "was also called Dimetor [of two mothers] ... because the two ''Dionysoi'' were born of one father, but of two mothers" <ref>([[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Library of History'' 4. 4. 5, quoted in the  [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Theoi.com] collection of Zagreus sources])</ref>
-Still another variant of the narrative is found in [[Callimachus]]<ref>Callimachus, Fragments, in the etymol. ζαγρεὺς, ''Zagreos''; see Karl Otfried Müller, John Leitch, ''Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology'' (1844), p.319, n.5</ref> and the 5th century AD Greek writer [[Nonnus]].<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 24. 43 ff'' — translation in [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Zagreus]</ref> In this version, the first Dionysus is called [[Zagreus]]. Nonnus does not present the conception as virginal; rather, the editor's notes say that Zeus swallowed Zagreus' heart, and visited the mortal woman Semele, whom he seduced and made pregnant. In [http://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca7.html ''Dionysiaca'' 7.110] he classifies Zeus's affair with Semele as one in a set of twelve, the other eleven women on whom he begot children being [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], the nymph [[Plouto|Pluto]], [[Danaë]], Aigina, [[Antiope]], [[Leda]], [[Dia]], [[Alcmene]], Laodameia, mother of [[Sarpedon]], and [[Olympias]].
+Still another variant of the narrative is found in [[Callimachus]]<ref>Callimachus, Fragments, in the etymol. ζαγρεὺς, ''Zagreos''; see Karl Otfried Müller, John Leitch, ''Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology'' (1844), p.319, n.5</ref> and the 5th century AD Greek writer [[Nonnus]].<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 24. 43 ff'' — translation in [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html Zagreus]</ref> In this version, the first Dionysus is called [[Zagreus]]. Nonnus does not present the conception as virginal; rather, the editor's notes say that Zeus swallowed Zagreus' heart, and visited the mortal woman Semele, whom he seduced and made pregnant. In [http://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca7.html ''Dionysiaca'' 7.110] he classifies Zeus's affair with Semele as one in a set of twelve, the other eleven women on whom he begot children being [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa]], the nymph [[Plouto|Pluto]], [[Danae]], Aigina, [[Antiope]], [[Leda]], [[Dia (mythology)|Dia]], [[Alcmene]], Laodameia, mother of [[Sarpedon]], and [[Olympias]].
 ==Locations==
-The most usual setting for the story of Semele is the palace that occupied the acropolis of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], called the ''[[Cadmeia]]''.<ref>Semele was "made into a woman by the Thebans and called the daughter of Kadmos, thoughh her original character as an earth-goddess is transparently evident" according to William Keith Chambers Guthrie, ''Orpheus and Greek Religion'', rev. ed. 1953:56.<!--check this ref.--> [[Robert Graves]] is characteristically speculative: the story "seems to record the summary action taken by Hellenes of Boeotia in ending the tradition of royal sacrifice: Olympian Zeus asserts his power, takes the doomed king under his own protection, and destroys the goddess with her own thunderbolt." (Graves 1960:§14.5). The connection ''Semele''=''[[Selene]]'' is often noted, nevertheless.</ref> When [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] visited Thebes in the 2nd century AD, he was shown the very bridal chamber where Zeus visited her and begat Dionysus. Since an Oriental inscribed cylindrical seal found at the palace can be dated 14th-13th centuries BC,<ref>Kerenyi 1976 p 193 and note 13</ref> the myth of Semele must be [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] or earlier in origin. At the [[Alcyonian Lake]] near the prehistoric site of [[Lerna]], Dionysus, guided by [[Prosymnus]] or Polymnus, descended to [[Tartarus]] to free his once-mortal mother. Annual rites took place there in classical times; Pausanias refuses to describe them.<ref>Pausanias, ''[[Description of Greece]]'' 2.37; [[Plutarch]], ''Isis and Osiris'' 35 {{Harv|Dalby|2005|p=135}}</ref>
+The most usual setting for the story of Semele is the palace that occupied the acropolis of [[Thebes]], called the ''[[Cadmeia]]''.<ref>Semele was "made into a woman by the Thebans and called the daughter of Kadmos, thoughh her original character as an earth-goddess is transparently evident" according to William Keith Chambers Guthrie, ''Orpheus and Greek Religion'', rev. ed. 1953:56.<!--check this ref.--> Robert Graves is characteristically speculative: the story "seems to record the summary action taken by Hellenes of Boeotia in ending the tradition of royal sacrifice: Olympian Zeus asserts his power, takes the doomed king under his own protection, and destroys the goddess with her own thunderbolt." (Graves 1960:§14.5). The connection ''Semele''=''[[Selene]]'' is often noted, nevertheless.</ref> When [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] visited Thebes in the 2nd century AD, he was shown the very bridal chamber where Zeus visited her and begat Dionysus. Since an Oriental inscribed cylindrical seal found at the palace can be dated 14th-13th centuries BC,<ref>Kerenyi 1976 p 193 and note 13</ref> the myth of Semele must be [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] or earlier in origin. At the [[Alcyonian Lake]] near the prehistoric site of [[Lerna]], Dionysus, guided by [[Prosymnus]] or Polymnus, descended to [[Tartarus]] to free his once-mortal mother. Annual rites took place there in classical times; Pausanias refuses to describe them.<ref>Pausanias, ''[[Description of Greece]]'' 2.37; [[Plutarch]], ''Isis and Osiris'' 35 </ref>
-Though the Greek myth of Semele was localized in [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]],  the fragmentary [[Homeric Hymn]] to Dionysus makes the place where Zeus gave a second birth to the god a distant one, and mythically vague:
+Though the Greek myth of Semele was localized in [[Thebes]],  the fragmentary [[Homeric Hymn]] to Dionysus makes the place where Zeus gave a second birth to the god a distant one, and mythically vague:
-:"For some say, at [[Dracanum]]; and some, on windy [[Icaria|Icarus]]; and some, in [[Naxos, Greece|Naxos]], O Heaven-born, Insewn; and others by the deep-eddying river [[Alpheus (mythology)|Alpheus]] that pregnant Semele bare you to Zeus the thunder-lover.  And others yet, lord, say you were born in Thebes; but all these lie. The Father of men and gods gave you birth remote from men and secretly from white-armed Hera. There is a certain [[Nysa (mythology)|Nysa]], a mountain most high and richly grown with woods, far off in Phoenice, near the streams of Aegyptus..."
+:"For some say, at [[Dracanum]]; and some, on windy [[Icaria|Icarus]]; and some, in [[Naxos]], O Heaven-born, Insewn; and others by the deep-eddying river [[Alpheus]] that pregnant Semele bare you to Zeus the thunder-lover.  And others yet, lord, say you were born in Thebes; but all these lie. The Father of men and gods gave you birth remote from men and secretly from white-armed Hera. There is a certain [[Nysa]], a mountain most high and richly grown with woods, far off in Phoenice, near the streams of Aegyptus..."
-Semele was worshipped at Athens at the [[Lenaia]], when a yearling bull, emblematic of Dionysus, was sacrificed to her. One-ninth was burnt on the altar in the Hellenic way; the rest was torn and eaten raw by the votaries.<ref>Graves 1960, 14.c.5</ref>
+Semele was worshipped in [[Athens]] at the [[Lenaia]], when a yearling bull, emblematic of Dionysus, was sacrificed to her. One-ninth was burnt on the altar in the Hellenic way; the rest was torn and eaten raw by the votaries.<ref>Graves 1960, 14.c.5</ref>
 ''Semele'' was a tragedy by [[Aeschylus]]; it has been lost, save a few lines quoted by other writers, and a [[Oxyrhynchus|papyrus fragment from Oxyrhynchus]], P. Oxy. 2164.<ref>Timothy Gantz, "Divine Guilt in Aischylos" ''The Classical Quarterly'' New Series, '''31'''.1 (1981:18-32) p 25f.</ref>

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==References==
-*Burkert, Walter, 1985. ''Greek Religion'' Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press ISBN=0-674-36280-2}}
+*Burkert, Walter, 1985. ''Greek Religion'' Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press ISBN=0-674-36280-2
 *Dalby, Andrew, 2005 ''The Story of Bacchus'' London British Museum Press. ISBN=0714122556  (US ISBN 0-89236-742-3)
 *Graves, Robert, 1960. ''The Greek Myths''

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==References==
-*Burkert, Walter, 1985. Greek Religion | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Mass. |  ISBN=0-674-36280-2}}
+*Burkert, Walter, 1985. ''Greek Religion'' Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press ISBN=0-674-36280-2}}
-*Dalby, Andrew, 2005 The Story of Bacchus | publisher=British Museum Press | place=London | year=2005 | ISBN=0714122556 }} (US ISBN 0-89236-742-3)
+*Dalby, Andrew, 2005 ''The Story of Bacchus'' London British Museum Press. ISBN=0714122556  (US ISBN 0-89236-742-3)
 *Graves, Robert, 1960. ''The Greek Myths''
 *Kerenyi, Carl, 1976. ''Dionysus: Archetypal Image of the Indestructible Life,'' (Bollingen, Princeton)

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 ==Notes==
-{{reflist|2}}
+<references/>
 ==References==

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 ==Semele in Roman culture==
-When the initiatory cult of Dionysus was imported to Rome, shortly before 186 BCE, to great public scandal,<ref>The scandal was reported in [[Livy]], ''Ab Urbe Condita'' 39.12, where the consul advised the prostitute Hispala Faecenia "that she ought to tell him what was accustomed to be done at the Bacchanalia, in the nocturnal orgies in the grove of Stimula."</ref> Semele's name was rendered '''Stimula'''. The groves in which the initiation rites took place were deemed sacred to Semele/Stimula. [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Fasti]]'' shifts the origin of the Bacchanalian rites in Rome to a mythic rather than a historic past:
+When the initiatory cult of Dionysus was imported to Rome, shortly before 186 BC, to great public scandal,<ref>The scandal was reported in Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita'' 39.12, where the consul advised the prostitute Hispala Faecenia "that she ought to tell him what was accustomed to be done at the Bacchanalia, in the nocturnal orgies in the grove of Stimula."</ref> Semele's name was rendered '''Stimula'''. The groves in which the initiation rites took place were deemed sacred to Semele/Stimula. Ovid's ''Fasti'' shifts the origin of the Bacchanalian rites in Rome to a mythic rather than a historic past:
 {|
 |<poem>
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 :And that Evander was the king of the place.
 :Hiding her divinity, Saturn’s daughter cleverly
-:Incited the [[Latium|Latian]] [[Bacchae]] with deceiving words:"</poem>
+:Incited the Latian Bacchae with deceiving words:"</poem>
 |<poem>
 :"lucus erat, dubium Semelae Stimulaene vocetur;
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 :instimulat fictis insidiosa sonis:"<ref>Ovid, ''Fasti'' , 6.503</ref></poem>
 |}
 ==Notes==

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 ==Semele in Etruscan culture==
-Semele is attested with the Etruscan name form [[Semla (mythology)|Semla]], depicted on a bronze mirror back from the fourth century BCE.
+Semele is attested with the Etruscan name form Semla, depicted on a bronze mirror back from the fourth century BC.
 ==Semele in Roman culture==