Smyrna - Revision history

Irlandos: /* The Burning of Smyrna */

2010-03-25T14:12:37Z

The Burning of Smyrna

Irlandos: /* The Burning of Smyrna */

2010-03-25T13:58:22Z

The Burning of Smyrna

Angellight 888: see also

2009-03-07T16:53:48Z

Angellight 888: cat.

2009-03-07T16:37:18Z

cat.

Pelinb at 07:39, June 8, 2007

2007-06-08T07:39:47Z

Irlandos at 08:19, March 16, 2007

2007-03-16T08:19:38Z

Lazarus: Reverted edits by Sunfire32 (Talk); changed back to last version by Irlandos

2006-09-29T02:24:45Z

Reverted edits by Sunfire32 (Talk); changed back to last version by Irlandos

Sunfire32: /* Sources */

2006-09-28T21:44:34Z

Sources

Irlandos: /* Sources */

2006-03-29T07:53:02Z

Sources

Irlandos: /* Sources */

2006-03-29T07:52:32Z

Sources

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 ==The Burning of Smyrna==
-In [[1914]], a number of historians contend, the Turkish Nationalist regime initiated a  systematic campaign  against the ethnic Greek population of Asia Minor. Turkish historians ascribe the deaths to anarchy surrounding the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Whatever the causes, thousands of male Greek conscripts died in forced labor battalions,  and many  towns and villages were destroyed and thousands of their Greek inhabitants killed or exiled in areas where Greeks had previously composed a majority, such as on the Black Sea coast, parts of [[Eastern Thrace]], [[Pontus]] and areas around Smyrna.
+In [[1914]], a number of historians contend, the Turkish Nationalist regime initiated a  systematic campaign against the ethnic Greek population of Asia Minor. Turkish historians ascribe the deaths to anarchy surrounding the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Whatever the causes, thousands of male Greek conscripts died in forced labor battalions,  while many towns and villages were destroyed and thousands of their Greek inhabitants killed or exiled in areas where Greeks had previously composed a majority, such as on the Black Sea coast, parts of [[Eastern Thrace]], [[Pontus]] and areas around Smyrna, [[Ayvali]] and Adramytium.
 In [[1922]], the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sought to revoke the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] following the defeat of the Ottoman empire in [[World War I]]. The treaty planned to cede parts of [[eastern Thrace]] and Asia Minor to Greece, including the city of Smyrna. The city was occupied on [[May 15]]th (May 2 OS) [[1919]] by Greece with Allied approval. By 1922, the Greek forces which had pushed into Anatolia were driven back to the sea and, on [[September 9]] (August 28 OS), 1922, Smyrna was recaptured. Thousands of Armenians and Greeks were killed when the Turkish army reoccupied Smyrna. While the historian Kinross referred to the deaths as individual and sporadic, placing the total at a mere 2,000, Marjorie H. Dobkin reconstructs the first detailed account of the capture of Smyrna in her book "Smyrna 1922"; she uses diaries, letters and eyewitness reports as sources. Her assessment is  that the city was ravaged and destroyed by  Turkish troops under the noses of Allied ships, whose crews and commanders failed to help the civilian population, or even the refugees who swam out to their ships; for them, economic interests in Turkey were at stake. It is claimed that, of 400,000 Christians in Smyrna, 190.000 were unaccounted for by [[October 1]]. The US Consul at Smyrna, George Horton, estimated on the basis of this number that about 100,000 people were killed at Smyrna.
 Among the dead was the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Smyrna [[Bishop Chrysostom of Smyrna|Chrysostom]] who was mutilated, then killed by a mob after trying to visit and pay his respects to General Nur-ed-Din Pasha at his headquarters.
-Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed fully three-quarters of the city. The more generally accepted account of the origin of this fire is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, and Nur-ed-Din Pasha is accused of starting the fire deliberately in an act of retribution. Some Turkish scholars of the time also appear to maintain that position. Suleyman Kulce, in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote*: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
+Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed fully three-quarters of the city. The generally accepted account of the origin of this fire is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, with Nur-ed-Din Pasha being accused of starting the fire deliberately as an act of retribution or to cover up the evidence of the mass slaughter that had taken place since the Turkish occupation. Some Turkish scholars of the time also accept that position. Suleyman Kulce, in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote*: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
-According to Kinross the fire began when Turks, in trying to round up Armenians to confiscate their arms, besieged a group who had taken refuge in a house. They then decided to burn them out by setting the building alight. According to this account, other Armenians in Smyrna, meanwhile, started another  fire elsewhere to divert Turkish attention, and it is argued a strong wind could then have  carried both fires from the outskirts of Smyrna inward. Many of the buildings, being of flimsy construction, were reduced to ashes. Some Turks believed the fire to be the continuation of the 'scorched earth' policy of the Greeks, while others believed Armenians had received instructions to burn Smyrna as a sacred duty.
+Other versions:
-There exist conflicting eyewitness accounts and evidence over who started the fire. The US consul-general George Horton claimed to have seen uniformed Turkish soldiers pouring petroleum near the US consulate. In [[1926]], Horton published his eyewitness accounts in a stinging criticism of the foreign policy of the Western Powers, ''The Blight of Asia'' [http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html]. Mark Prentiss, an American industrial engineer, stated that : "Many of us personally saw-and are ready to affirm the statement-Turkish soldiers often directed by officers throwing petroleum in the streets and houses. Vice-Consul Barnes watched a Turkish officer leisurely fire the Custom House and the Passport Bureau while at least fifty Turkish soldiers stood by. Major Davis saw Turkish soldiers throwing oil in many houses. The Navy patrol reported seeing a complete horsehoe of fires started by the Turks around the American school." But after being instructed by his superiors, he changed his version and stated that he saw no petroleum being poured. Furthermore, Prentiss in his last version (sent to Adm. Bristol as a form of a manuscript) claims that Paul Grescovitch, Chief of the Smyrna Fire Department, found evidence to suggest that Armenians were the source of the fire, while Dobkin cites references from the fire department accusing the Turks.
+There exist conflicting eyewitness accounts and evidence over who started the fire. The US consul-general George Horton claimed to have seen uniformed Turkish soldiers pouring petroleum near the US consulate. In [[1926]], Horton published his eyewitness accounts in a stinging criticism of the foreign policy of the Western Powers, ''The Blight of Asia'' [http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html]. Mark Prentiss, an American industrial engineer, stated that : "Many of us personally saw-and are ready to affirm the statement-Turkish soldiers often directed by officers throwing petroleum in the streets and houses. Vice-Consul Barnes watched a Turkish officer leisurely fire the Custom House and the Passport Bureau while at least fifty Turkish soldiers stood by. Major Davis saw Turkish soldiers throwing oil in many houses. The Navy patrol reported seeing a complete horsehoe of fires started by the Turks around the American school." But after being instructed by his superiors, he changed his version and stated that he saw no petroleum being poured.
 Following the success of the nationalist movement, the Treaty of Sevres was revoked and the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed, marking the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] and incorporating the city of Smyrna (Izmir), into modern day Turkey.

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==The Burning of Smyrna==
-In  [[1914]]  a number of historians contend that  the Turkish Nationalist regime may have  initiated a  systematic campaign  against the ethnic Greek population of Asia Minor, while Turkish historians ascribe the deaths to   anarchy surrounding the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Whatever the causes,   thousands of male Greek conscripts died in forced labor battalions,  and   many  towns and villages were destroyed and thousands of their greek inhabitants killed or exiled in areas where Greeks had previously composed a majority, such as on the Black Sea coast, parts of  Eastern Thrace, [[Pontus]], and areas around Smyrna.
+In [[1914]], a number of historians contend, the Turkish Nationalist regime initiated a  systematic campaign  against the ethnic Greek population of Asia Minor. Turkish historians ascribe the deaths to anarchy surrounding the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Whatever the causes, thousands of male Greek conscripts died in forced labor battalions,  and many  towns and villages were destroyed and thousands of their Greek inhabitants killed or exiled in areas where Greeks had previously composed a majority, such as on the Black Sea coast, parts of [[Eastern Thrace]], [[Pontus]] and areas around Smyrna.
-In [[1922]], the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sought to revoke the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] following the defeat of the Ottoman empire in [[World War I]]. The treaty planned to cede parts of eastern [[Thrace]] and Asia Minor to Greece, including the city of Smyrna. The city was occupied on May 15th [[1919]] by Greece with Allied approval. By 1922, the Greek forces which had pushed into Anatolia were driven back to the sea and in September 1922 Smyrna was recaptured. Many Armenians and Greeks were killed  when the Turkish army reoccupied Smyrna. While the historian Kinross referred to the deaths as individual and sporadic and placed the total at 2,000, Marjorie H. Dobkin reconstructs the first detailed account of the capture of Smyrna in her book "Smyrna 1922"; she uses diaries, letters and eyewitness reports as sources. Her assessment is  that the city was ravaged and destroyed by  Turkish troops under the noses of Allied ships, which failed to  help the civilian population, or even the refugees who swam out to their ships; for them, economic interests in Turkey were at stake. It is claimed that, of 400.000 Christians in Smyrna, 190.000 were unaccounted for by October 1. The US Consul at Smyrna, George Horton, estimated on the basis of this number that about 100.000 people were killed at Smyrna.
+In [[1922]], the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sought to revoke the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] following the defeat of the Ottoman empire in [[World War I]]. The treaty planned to cede parts of [[eastern Thrace]] and Asia Minor to Greece, including the city of Smyrna. The city was occupied on [[May 15]]th (May 2 OS) [[1919]] by Greece with Allied approval. By 1922, the Greek forces which had pushed into Anatolia were driven back to the sea and, on [[September 9]] (August 28 OS), 1922, Smyrna was recaptured. Thousands of Armenians and Greeks were killed when the Turkish army reoccupied Smyrna. While the historian Kinross referred to the deaths as individual and sporadic, placing the total at a mere 2,000, Marjorie H. Dobkin reconstructs the first detailed account of the capture of Smyrna in her book "Smyrna 1922"; she uses diaries, letters and eyewitness reports as sources. Her assessment is  that the city was ravaged and destroyed by  Turkish troops under the noses of Allied ships, whose crews and commanders failed to help the civilian population, or even the refugees who swam out to their ships; for them, economic interests in Turkey were at stake. It is claimed that, of 400,000 Christians in Smyrna, 190.000 were unaccounted for by [[October 1]]. The US Consul at Smyrna, George Horton, estimated on the basis of this number that about 100,000 people were killed at Smyrna.
 Among the dead was the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Smyrna [[Bishop Chrysostom of Smyrna|Chrysostom]] who was mutilated, then killed by a mob after trying to visit and pay his respects to General Nur-ed-Din Pasha at his headquarters.
-Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed much of the city. The cause of the fire has never been satisfactorily explained. According to Kinross the fire began when Turks, in trying to round up Armenians to confiscate their arms, besieged a group who had taken refuge in a house. They then decided to burn them out by setting the building alight. According to this account, other Armenians in Smyrna, meanwhile, started another  fire elsewhere to divert Turkish attention, and it is argued a strong wind could then have  carried both fires from the outskirts of Smyrna inward. Many of the buildings, being of flimsy construction, were reduced to ashes. Some Turks believed the fire to be the continuation of the 'scorched earth' policy of the Greeks, while others believed Armenians had received instructions to burn Smyrna as a sacred duty. The more generally accepted account proposed by most Western scholars, however, is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, and Nur-ed-Din Pasha is accused of starting the fire deliberately in an act of retribution. Some Turkish scholars of the time also appear to maintain that position. Suleyman Kulce , in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote*: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
+Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed fully three-quarters of the city. The more generally accepted account of the origin of this fire is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, and Nur-ed-Din Pasha is accused of starting the fire deliberately in an act of retribution. Some Turkish scholars of the time also appear to maintain that position. Suleyman Kulce, in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote*: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
-There exist conflicting eyewitness accounts and evidence over who started the fire. The US consul-general George Horton claimed to have seen uniformed Turkish soldiers pouring petroleum near the US consulate. In 1926 Horton published his eyewitness accounts in a stinging criticism of the foreign policy of the Western Powers, ''The Blight of Asia'' [http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html]. Mark Prentiss, an American industrial engineer, stated that : "Many of us personally saw-and are ready to affirm the statement-Turkish soldiers often directed by officers throwing petroleum in the streets and houses. Vice-Consul Barnes watched a Turkish officer leisurely fire the Custom House and the Passport Bureau while at least fifty Turkish soldiers stood by. Major Davis saw Turkish soldiers throwing oil in many houses. The Navy patrol reported seeing a complete horsehoe of fires started by the Turks around the American school." But after being instructed by his superiors, he changed his version and stated that he saw no petroleum being poured. Furthermore, Prentiss in his last version(sent to Adm. Bristol as a form of a manuscript) claims that Paul Grescovitch, Chief of the Smyrna Fire Department, found evidence to suggest that Armenians were the source of the fire, while Dobkin cites references from the fire department accusing the Turks.
+According to Kinross the fire began when Turks, in trying to round up Armenians to confiscate their arms, besieged a group who had taken refuge in a house. They then decided to burn them out by setting the building alight. According to this account, other Armenians in Smyrna, meanwhile, started another  fire elsewhere to divert Turkish attention, and it is argued a strong wind could then have  carried both fires from the outskirts of Smyrna inward. Many of the buildings, being of flimsy construction, were reduced to ashes. Some Turks believed the fire to be the continuation of the 'scorched earth' policy of the Greeks, while others believed Armenians had received instructions to burn Smyrna as a sacred duty.
 Following the success of the nationalist movement, the Treaty of Sevres was revoked and the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed, marking the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] and incorporating the city of Smyrna (Izmir), into modern day Turkey.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, March 7, 2009
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	Following the success of the nationalist movement, the Treaty of Sevres was revoked and the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed, marking the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)\|Greco-Turkish War]] and incorporating the city of Smyrna (Izmir), into modern day Turkey.		Following the success of the nationalist movement, the Treaty of Sevres was revoked and the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed, marking the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)\|Greco-Turkish War]] and incorporating the city of Smyrna (Izmir), into modern day Turkey.
		+
		+	==See also==
		+	* [[Ionia]]
		+	* [[George Horton]]

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, March 7, 2009
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	[[Category:Ionian colonies]]		[[Category:Ionian colonies]]
	[[Category:Asia Minor]]		[[Category:Asia Minor]]
		+	[[Category:History of Anatolia]]

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 Among the dead was the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Smyrna [[Bishop Chrysostom of Smyrna|Chrysostom]] who was mutilated, then killed by a mob after trying to visit and pay his respects to General Nur-ed-Din Pasha at his headquarters.
-Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed much of the city. The cause of the fire has never been satisfactorily explained. According to Kinross the fire began when Turks, in trying to round up Armenians to confiscate their arms, besieged a group who had taken refuge in a house. They then decided to burn them out by setting the building alight. According to this account, other Armenians in Smyrna, meanwhile, started another  fire elsewhere to divert Turkish attention, and it is argued a strong wind could then have  carried both fires from the outskirts of Smyrna inward. Many of the buildings, being of flimsy construction, were reduced to ashes. Some Turks believed the fire to be the continuation of the 'scorched earth' policy of the Greeks, while others believed Armenians had received instructions to burn Smyrna as a sacred duty. The more generally accepted account proposed by most Western scholars, however, is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, and Nur-ed-Din Pasha is accused of starting the fire deliberately in an act of retribution. Some Turkish scholars of the time also appear to maintain that position. Suleyman Kulce , in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
+Following Turkish reoccupation, a fire destroyed much of the city. The cause of the fire has never been satisfactorily explained. According to Kinross the fire began when Turks, in trying to round up Armenians to confiscate their arms, besieged a group who had taken refuge in a house. They then decided to burn them out by setting the building alight. According to this account, other Armenians in Smyrna, meanwhile, started another  fire elsewhere to divert Turkish attention, and it is argued a strong wind could then have  carried both fires from the outskirts of Smyrna inward. Many of the buildings, being of flimsy construction, were reduced to ashes. Some Turks believed the fire to be the continuation of the 'scorched earth' policy of the Greeks, while others believed Armenians had received instructions to burn Smyrna as a sacred duty. The more generally accepted account proposed by most Western scholars, however, is that the Turks burned the Armenian and Greek quarters, and Nur-ed-Din Pasha is accused of starting the fire deliberately in an act of retribution. Some Turkish scholars of the time also appear to maintain that position. Suleyman Kulce , in his book, “Maresal Fevzi Cakmak,” accuses Nur-ed-Din and writes that he “..was responsible for the massacres and the fire.” Falih Rifki Atay, who was also a close confidant of Ataturk, was more direct when he wrote*: “Why were we burning Izmir? Were we afraid that we would not be delivering ourselves from the (sway) of the minorities in case the mansions, hotels, and cafes were left to remain? Driven by the same fear we put to the torch all the inhabitable quarters and neighborhoods of the Anatolian cities and towns during the World War I Armenian deportations.”  He also blamed Nur-ed-Din.
 There exist conflicting eyewitness accounts and evidence over who started the fire. The US consul-general George Horton claimed to have seen uniformed Turkish soldiers pouring petroleum near the US consulate. In 1926 Horton published his eyewitness accounts in a stinging criticism of the foreign policy of the Western Powers, ''The Blight of Asia'' [http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html]. Mark Prentiss, an American industrial engineer, stated that : "Many of us personally saw-and are ready to affirm the statement-Turkish soldiers often directed by officers throwing petroleum in the streets and houses. Vice-Consul Barnes watched a Turkish officer leisurely fire the Custom House and the Passport Bureau while at least fifty Turkish soldiers stood by. Major Davis saw Turkish soldiers throwing oil in many houses. The Navy patrol reported seeing a complete horsehoe of fires started by the Turks around the American school." But after being instructed by his superiors, he changed his version and stated that he saw no petroleum being poured. Furthermore, Prentiss in his last version(sent to Adm. Bristol as a form of a manuscript) claims that Paul Grescovitch, Chief of the Smyrna Fire Department, found evidence to suggest that Armenians were the source of the fire, while Dobkin cites references from the fire department accusing the Turks.
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 *Horton, George. (1926). ''The Blight of Asia'' ([http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html On-line excerpts])
 *Kinross, ''Patrick Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation '' Phoenix Press (2003) ID=ISBN 1-84212-599-0
 [[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Lydian Smyrna==
-When the Mermnad kings raised the Lydian power and aggressiveness, Smyrna was one of the first points of attack. Gyges (ca. [[680s BC|687]]&ndash;[[650s BCE|652]]) was, however, defeated on the banks of the Hermus, the situation of the battlefield showing that the power of Smyrna extended far to the east.  A strong fortress, the ruins of whose ancient and massive walls are still imposing, on a hill in the pass between Smyrna and Nymphi, was probably built by the Smyrnaean Ionians to command the valley of Nymphi. According to Theognis (about [[500s BC|500 BC]]), pride destroyed Smyrna. Mimnermus laments the degeneracy of the citizens of his day, who could no longer stem the Lydian advance. Finally, Alyattes III ([[600s BC|609]]&ndash;[[560s BC|560 BC]]) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the ''[[polis]]''  was reorganized on the village system. Smyrna is mentioned in a fragment of Pindar and in an. inscription of [[388 BC]], but its greatness was past.
+When the Mermnad kings raised the Lydian power and aggressiveness, Smyrna was one of the first points of attack. Gyges (ca. [[680s BC|687]]&ndash;[[650s BCE|652]]) was, however, defeated on the banks of the Hermus, the situation of the battlefield showing that the power of Smyrna extended far to the east.  A strong fortress, the ruins of whose ancient and massive walls are still imposing, on a hill in the pass between Smyrna and Nymphi, was probably built by the Smyrnaean [[Ionians]] to command the valley of Nymphi. According to Theognis (about [[500s BC|500 BC]]), pride destroyed Smyrna. Mimnermus laments the degeneracy of the citizens of his day, who could no longer stem the Lydian advance. Finally, Alyattes III ([[600s BC|609]]&ndash;[[560s BC|560 BC]]) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the ''[[polis]]''  was reorganized on the village system. Smyrna is mentioned in a fragment of Pindar and in an. inscription of [[388 BC]], but its greatness was past.
 ==Hellenistic Smyrna==

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 *Dobkin, Marjorie H. (1972). ''Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City.'' Faber & Faber.
 *Horton, George. (1926). ''The Blight of Asia'' ([http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/horton/horton.html On-line excerpts])
-*{{Book reference | Author=Kinross, Patrick| Title=Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation | Publisher=Phoenix Press | Year=2003 | ID=ISBN 1-84212-599-0}}
+*Kinross, Patrick Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation  Publisher=Phoenix Press (2003) ID=ISBN 1-84212-599-0
 [[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]