Zeus - Revision history

Irlandos: /* Mortal/nymph/other mother */

2007-06-25T12:15:45Z

Mortal/nymph/other mother

Irlandos at 11:10, June 25, 2007

2007-06-25T11:10:18Z

Irlandos at 18:32, June 21, 2006

2006-06-21T18:32:53Z

Irlandos: /* Deific mother */

2006-03-19T19:13:55Z

Deific mother

Irlandos: /* Childhood */

2006-03-19T19:12:50Z

Childhood

Irlandos: /* Oracles of Zeus */

2006-03-19T19:11:55Z

Oracles of Zeus

Irlandos: /* Role and titles */

2006-03-19T19:10:48Z

Role and titles

Irlandos: /* Zeus and Hera */

2005-10-01T08:35:30Z

Zeus and Hera

Irlandos: /* Zeus and Hera */

2005-10-01T08:34:37Z

Zeus and Hera

Irlandos: /* Zeus and Hera */

2005-09-30T14:39:20Z

Zeus and Hera

@@ Line 246: / Line 246: @@
 |-
 |  [[Laodamia]]
-|  [[Sarpedon]]
+|  [[Sarpedon (Trojan War)|Sarpedon]]
 |-
 |  [[Leda]]

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 ====Subterranean Zeus====
-Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored Zeuses who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus ''Meilichios'' ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus ''Chthonios'' ("earthy"), ''Katachthonios'' ("under-the-earth) and ''Plousios'' ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented indifferently as snakes or men in visual art. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did [[chthonic]] deities like [[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]], and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
+Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored Zeuses who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus ''Meilichios'' ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus ''Chthonios'' ("earthy"), ''Katachthonios'' ("under-the-earth) and ''Plousios'' ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented indifferently as snakes or men in visual art. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did chthonic deities like [[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]], and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
 In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the ''daimon'' to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in [[Boeotia prefecture|Boeotia]] might belong to the hero [[Trophonius]] or to Zeus ''Trephonius'' ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] or [[Strabo]]. The hero [[Amphiaraus]] was honored as ''Zeus Amphiaraus'' at Oropus outside of [[Thebes]], and the Spartans even had a shrine to ''Zeus [[Agamemnon]]''.
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 Rhea hid Zeus in a cave on [[Mount Ida]] in Crete.  According to varying versions of the story:
 # He was then raised by [[Gaia]].
-# He was raised by a goat named [[Amalthea]], while a company of [[Kouretes]], soldiers, or smaller gods danced, shouted and clapped their hands to make noise so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry. (See [[cornucopia]].)
+# He was raised by a goat named [[Amalthea]], while a company of [[Kouretes]], soldiers, or smaller gods danced, shouted and clapped their hands to make noise so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.
 # He was raised by a [[nymph]] named [[Adamanthea]]. Since Cronus ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
 # He was raised by a [[nymph]] named [[Cynosura]]. In gratitude, Zeus placed her among the stars after her death.
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 ==== Zeus and Hera ====
-Zeus was brother and husband of [[Hera]]. Their children were [[Hephaestus]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] and [[Ares]]. Zeus is famous for his many extramarital affairs with various goddesses &mdash; notably [[Demeter]], [[Latona]], [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]] and [[Maia]] &mdash; and mortal women &mdash; notably [[Semele]], [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] and [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] (for more details, see "Affairs" below), as well as many nymphs. His wife, [[Hera]], was very jealous and consistently tried to harm Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a [[nymph]] named [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by incessantly talking. When Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to only speak the words of others (hence our modern word "echo").
+Zeus was brother and husband of [[Hera]]. Their children were [[Hephaestus]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe]] and [[Ares]]. Zeus is famous for his many extramarital affairs with various goddesses &mdash; notably [[Demeter]], [[Latona]], [[Dione]] and [[Maia]] &mdash; and mortal women &mdash; notably [[Semele]], [[Io]], [[Europa]] and [[Leda]] (for more details, see "Affairs" below), as well as many nymphs. His wife, [[Hera]], was very jealous and consistently tried to harm Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a [[nymph]] named [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by incessantly talking. When Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to only speak the words of others (hence our modern word "echo").
 ===Consorts and children===
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 # [[Persephone]]
 |-
-|  [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]]
+|  [[Dione]]
 |  [[Aphrodite]]
 |-
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 # [[Eileithyia]]
 # [[Hephaestus]]
-# [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]
+# [[Hebe]]
 |-
 | [[Eris]]
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 |  [[Hermes]]
 |-
-|  [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]
+|  [[Metis]]
 |  [[Athena]]
 |-
@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 |-
 |  [[Danae]]
-|  [[Perseus (mythology)|Perseus]]
+|  [[Perseus]]
 |-
 | [[Elara (mythology)|Elara]]
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 # [[Iasion]]
 |-
-|  [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]]
+|  [[Europa]]
+|
 # [[Minos]]
@@ Line 248: / Line 248: @@
 |  [[Sarpedon]]
 |-
-|  [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]
+|  [[Leda]]
+|
 # [[Castor and Polydeuces|Polydeuces]]

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Panhellenic cults of Zeus===
-The major center at which all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. The quadrennial festival there featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash - from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animal victims immolated there.
+The major center at which all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was [[Olympia]]. The quadrennial festival there featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash - from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animal victims immolated there.
 Outside of the major inter-[[polis]] sanctuaries, there were certain modes of worshipping Zeus that were shared across the Greek world. Most of the above titles, for instance, could be found at any number of [[Greek temple]]s from [[Asia Minor]] to [[Sicily]]. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ====Cretan Zeus====
-On [[Crete]], Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at [[Knossos]], [[Ida]] and [[Palaikastro]]. The stories of [[Minos]] and [[Epimenides]] suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of [[Plato]]'s ''Laws'' is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing Cretan  knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult, and hymned as ''ho megas kouros'' "the great youth". With the [[Kouretes]], a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan [[paideia]].
+On [[Crete]], Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at [[Knossos]], [[Ida]] and [[Palaikastro]]. The stories of [[Minos]] and [[Epimenides]] suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of [[Plato]]'s ''Laws'' is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing Cretan  knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult, and hymned as ''ho megas kouros'' "the great youth". With the [[Kouretes]], a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan paideia.
 ====Zeus Lykaios in [[Arcadia prefecture|Arcadia]]====
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored Zeuses who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus ''Meilichios'' ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus ''Chthonios'' ("earthy"), ''Katachthonios'' ("under-the-earth) and ''Plousios'' ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented indifferently as snakes or men in visual art. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did [[chthonic]] deities like [[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]], and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
-In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the ''daimon'' to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in [[Boeotia prefecture|Boeotia]] might belong to the hero [[Trophonius]] or to Zeus ''Trephonius'' ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] or [[Strabo]]. The hero [[Amphiaraus]] was honored as ''Zeus Amphiaraus'' at Oropus outside of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], and the Spartans even had a shrine to ''Zeus [[Agamemnon]]''.
+In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the ''daimon'' to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in [[Boeotia prefecture|Boeotia]] might belong to the hero [[Trophonius]] or to Zeus ''Trephonius'' ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] or [[Strabo]]. The hero [[Amphiaraus]] was honored as ''Zeus Amphiaraus'' at Oropus outside of [[Thebes]], and the Spartans even had a shrine to ''Zeus [[Agamemnon]]''.
 ===Oracles of Zeus===
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 ==== Zeus becomes king of the gods ====
-After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge the other children in reverse order of swallowing: first the stone, which was set down at [[Pytho]] under the glens of [[Parnassus]] to be a sign to mortal men, then the rest. In some versions, [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]] gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the [[Gigantes]], the [[Hecatonchires]] and the [[Cyclopes]], from their dungeon in [[Tartarus]] (The [[Titans]]; he killed their guard, [[Campe]]. As gratitude, the Cyclopes gave him [[thunder]] and the thunderbolt, or [[lightning]], which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes [[Titanomachy|overthrew]] Cronus and the other Titans. The Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus.
+After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge the other children in reverse order of swallowing: first the stone, which was set down at [[Pytho]] under the glens of [[Parnassus]] to be a sign to mortal men, then the rest. In some versions, [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]] gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the [[Gigantes]], the [[Hecatonchires]] and the [[Cyclopes]], from their dungeon in [[Tartarus]] (The [[Titans]]; he killed their guard, [[Campe]]. As gratitude, the Cyclopes gave him [[thunder]] and the thunderbolt, or lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes [[Titanomachy|overthrew]] Cronus and the other Titans. The Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus.
 After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, [[Poseidon]] and [[Hades]], by drawing lots: Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the shadows (the dead).  Land was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which explains why Poseidon was the "earth-shaker" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades claimed the humans that died.  (See also: [[Penthus]])
@@ Line 307: / Line 307: @@
 *When [[Memnon]] died, Zeus felt pity for his mother, [[Eos]], the dawn-goddess, and granted him immortality.
 *Zeus made the decision to marry [[Aphrodite]] off to [[Hephaestus]] in order to prevent violence over her between the many gods who lusted after the goddess of beauty.
-*Zeus, with Hera, turned King [[Haemus]] and Queen [[Rhodope]] into [[mountain]]s ([[Mt. Balkan|Balkan]] and [[Mt. Despoto|Despoto]], respectively) for their vanity.
+*Zeus, with Hera, turned King [[Haemus]] and Queen [[Rhodope]] into mountains ([[Mt. Balkan|Balkan]] and [[Mt. Despoto|Despoto]], respectively) for their vanity.
 *Zeus exchanged a [[caduceus]] for the first flute with [[Hermes]].
 *Zeus turned [[Atalanta]] and [[Hippomenes]] (or [[Melanion]]) into lions because they had sex in one of his temples.
 *Zeus blinded [[Tiresias]] but also gave him the gift of prophecy (though according to some versions of the story, it was actually Hera who did the blinding).
 *Zeus punished [[Hera]] by dangling her by her toes from the sky.

@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 ##  [[Clio]]
 ##  [[Erato]]
-##  [[Euterpe (mythology)|Euterpe]]
+##  [[Euterpe]]
 ##  [[Melpomene]]
-##  [[Polyhymnia]]
+##  [[Polymnia]]
 ##  [[Terpsichore]]
 ##  [[Thalia]]

@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 Rhea hid Zeus in a cave on [[Mount Ida]] in Crete.  According to varying versions of the story:
-# He was then raised by [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]].
+# He was then raised by [[Gaia]].
-# He was raised by a goat named [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]], while a company of [[Kouretes]], soldiers, or smaller gods danced, shouted and clapped their hands to make noise so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry. (See [[cornucopia]].)
+# He was raised by a goat named [[Amalthea]], while a company of [[Kouretes]], soldiers, or smaller gods danced, shouted and clapped their hands to make noise so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry. (See [[cornucopia]].)
-# He was raised by a [[nymph]] named [[Adamanthea]]. Since Cronus ruled over the [[Earth]], the heavens and the [[sea]], she hid him by dangling him on a [[rope]] from a [[tree]] so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
+# He was raised by a [[nymph]] named [[Adamanthea]]. Since Cronus ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
 # He was raised by a [[nymph]] named [[Cynosura]]. In gratitude, Zeus placed her among the stars after her death.
 # He was raised by [[Melissa]], who nursed him with goat-milk

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ===Oracles of Zeus===
-Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to [[Apollo]], the [[heroes]], or various or [[goddess|goddesses]] like [[Themis]], a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus.
+Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to [[Apollo]], the heroes, or various or goddesses like [[Themis]], a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus.
 ====The Oracle at Dodona====
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ====The Oracle at Siwa====
-The oracle of [[Ammon]] at the oasis of [[Siwa]] in [[Egypt]] did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the [[Persian War]]. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at [[Sparta]], where a temple to him existed by the time of the [[Peloponnesian War]] (Pausanias 3.18).
+The oracle of Ammon at the oasis of Siwa in Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the [[Persian War]]. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at [[Sparta]], where a temple to him existed by the time of the [[Peloponnesian War]] (Pausanias 3.18).
 ====Other oracles of Zeus====

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ===Role and titles===
-Zeus played a huge role in the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] Olympic pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and heroines (see list at bottom of article) and was featured in many of their stories. Though he was the god of the sky and thunder, he was also the most supreme [[culture|cultural]] artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek [[religion|religious]] beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.
+Zeus played a huge role in the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] Olympic pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and heroines (see list at bottom of article) and was featured in many of their stories. Though he was the god of the sky and thunder, he was also the most supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.
 The various titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:
-*'''Olympios''' emphasized Zeus's kingship over both the gods and the Panhellenic festival at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]].
+*'''Olympios''' emphasized Zeus's kingship over both the gods and the Panhellenic festival at [[Olympia]].
 * A related title was '''Panhellenios''', ('Zeus of all the Hellenes') to whom [[Aeacus]]' famous temple on [[Aegina]] was dedicated.
 *As '''Xenios''', Zeus was the patron of hospitality and guests, ready to avenge any wrong done to a stranger.